| Autor: |
Al Hmada Y; Department of Pathology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS 39216, USA., Brodell RT; Department of Pathology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS 39216, USA., Kharouf N; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, University of Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France.; Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Dental Faculty, University of Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France., Flanagan TW; Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, LSU Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA., Alamodi AA; College of Health Sciences, Jackson State University, 310 W Woodrow Wilson Ave Ste 300, Jackson, MS 39213, USA., Hassan SY; Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf, 40225 Dusseldorf, Germany., Shalaby H; Department of Urology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA., Hassan SL; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf, 40225 Dusseldorf, Germany., Haikel Y; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, University of Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France.; Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Dental Faculty, University of Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France.; Pôle de Médecine et Chirurgie Bucco-Dentaire, Hôpital Civil, Hôpitaux Universitaire de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France., Megahed M; Clinic of Dermatology, University Hospital of Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany., Santourlidis S; Epigenetics Core Laboratory, Medical Faculty, Institute of Transplantation Diagnostics and Cell Therapeutics, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Dusseldorf, Germany., Hassan M; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, University of Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France.; Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Dental Faculty, University of Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France.; Research Laboratory of Surgery-Oncology, Department of Surgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA. |
| Abstrakt: |
Melanoma is the third most common type of skin cancer, characterized by its heterogeneity and propensity to metastasize to distant organs. Melanoma is a heterogeneous tumor, composed of genetically divergent subpopulations, including a small fraction of melanoma-initiating cancer stem-like cells (CSCs) and many non-cancer stem cells (non-CSCs). CSCs are characterized by their unique surface proteins associated with aberrant signaling pathways with a causal or consequential relationship with tumor progression, drug resistance, and recurrence. Melanomas also harbor significant alterations in functional genes (BRAF, CDKN2A, NRAS, TP53, and NF1). Of these, the most common are the BRAF and NRAS oncogenes, with 50% of melanomas demonstrating the BRAF mutation (BRAF V600E ). While the successful targeting of BRAF V600E does improve overall survival, the long-term efficacy of available therapeutic options is limited due to adverse side effects and reduced clinical efficacy. Additionally, drug resistance develops rapidly via mechanisms involving fast feedback re-activation of MAPK signaling pathways. This article updates information relevant to the mechanisms of melanoma progression and resistance and particularly the mechanistic role of CSCs in melanoma progression, drug resistance, and recurrence. |
