| Autor: |
Gunnarsdottir MJ; Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland E-mail: mariag@hi.is., Gardarsson SM; Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland., Eriksson M; Åland Environmental and Health Protection Authority, Mariehamn, Åland., Albrechtsen HJ; Department of Environmental and Resource Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark., Bergkvist KSG; Fiskaaling Agriculture Research Station, Við Áir, Faroe Islands; Faroese Food and Veterinary Authority, Torshavn, Faroe Islands., Rossi PM; Water, Energy and Environmental Engineering Research Unit, University of Oulu, Finland., Matilainen R; Water, Energy and Environmental Engineering Research Unit, University of Oulu, Finland., Hansen LT; Arctic DTU Sisimiut - Ilinniarfeqarfik Sisimiut, Greenland; National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark., Jensen PE; Department of Environmental and Resource Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark; Arctic DTU Sisimiut - Ilinniarfeqarfik Sisimiut, Greenland., Maréchal JYA; Department of Environmental and Resource Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark; Arctic DTU Sisimiut - Ilinniarfeqarfik Sisimiut, Greenland., Myrmel M; Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway., Kalheim FC; Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway., Persson KM; Lund University, Lund, Sweden., Bjerkén A; Lund University, Lund, Sweden., Bartram J; School of Civil Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK. |
| Abstrakt: |
Small water supplies face similar problems worldwide, regardless of ownership or management type. Non-compliance with water quality regulations is more frequent in small supplies than in large ones, as are waterborne disease outbreaks. The new European Union Drinking Water Directive requires risk-based approach (RBA) to secure water safety as is recommended in the World Health Organization's Guidelines for drinking water quality through 'water safety plans'. This is already in regulation in the Nordic countries, although less used in small supplies. In this research, we explore the challenges, barriers and possible solutions to implementing RBA and improving compliance in small supplies. This was achieved by conducting and analysing interviews with 53 stakeholders from all eight Nordic countries to produce recommendations for action by the different implicated actors. Our findings suggest the centrality of governmental policy, including support for continuous training, provision of simple RBA guidelines and increasing cooperation in the water sector. The Nordic experience reflects global challenges with small water supplies and the trend towards systematic preventive management epitomized in the framework for drinking water safety advocated by the World Health Organization since 2004. |
