Isotopes prove advanced, integral crop production, and stockbreeding strategies nourished Trypillia mega-populations.

Autor:	Schlütz F; Institute of Prehistoric and Protohistoric Archaeology, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel 24118, Germany.; Collaborative Research Centre 1266 'Scales of Transformation,' Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel 24118, Germany., Hofmann R; Institute of Prehistoric and Protohistoric Archaeology, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel 24118, Germany.; Collaborative Research Centre 1266 'Scales of Transformation,' Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel 24118, Germany., Dal Corso M; Institute of Prehistoric and Protohistoric Archaeology, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel 24118, Germany.; Collaborative Research Centre 1266 'Scales of Transformation,' Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel 24118, Germany.; Department of Geosciences, University of Padua, Padua 35122, Italy., Pashkevych G; National Museum of Natural Sciences of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv 01030, Ukraine., Dreibrodt S; Collaborative Research Centre 1266 'Scales of Transformation,' Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel 24118, Germany.; Institute for Ecosystem Research, Christian-Albrechts-University, 24118 Kiel.; Baden-Württemberg State Office for Cultural Heritage, 78343 Gaienhofen-Hemmenhofen, Germany., Shatilo M; Collaborative Research Centre 1266 'Scales of Transformation,' Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel 24118, Germany., Terna A; Institute of Prehistoric and Protohistoric Archaeology, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel 24118, Germany.; Collaborative Research Centre 1266 'Scales of Transformation,' Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel 24118, Germany., Fuchs K; Collaborative Research Centre 1266 'Scales of Transformation,' Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel 24118, Germany.; Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel 24105, Germany., Videiko M; Research Laboratory of Archaeology, Borys Grinchenko Kyiv University, Kyiv 04053, Ukraine., Rud V; Institute of Archaeology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv 01030, Ukraine., Müller J; Institute of Prehistoric and Protohistoric Archaeology, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel 24118, Germany.; Collaborative Research Centre 1266 'Scales of Transformation,' Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel 24118, Germany., Kirleis W; Institute of Prehistoric and Protohistoric Archaeology, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel 24118, Germany.; Collaborative Research Centre 1266 'Scales of Transformation,' Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel 24118, Germany.
Jazyk:	angličtina
Zdroj:	Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America [Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A] 2023 Dec 26; Vol. 120 (52), pp. e2312962120. Date of Electronic Publication: 2023 Dec 18.
DOI:	10.1073/pnas.2312962120
Abstrakt:	After 500 y of colonizing the forest-steppe area northwest of the Black Sea, on the territories of what is today Moldova and Ukraine, Trypillia societies founded large, aggregated settlements from ca. 4150 BCE and mega-sites (>100 ha) from ca. 3950 BCE. Covering up to 320 ha and housing up to 15,000 inhabitants, the latter were the world's largest settlements to date. Some 480 δ 13 C and δ 15 N measurements on bones of humans, animals, and charred crops allow the detection of spatio-temporal patterns and the calculation of complete agricultural Bayesian food webs for Trypillia societies. The isotope data come from settlements of the entire Trypillia area between the Prut and the Dnieper rivers. The datasets cover the development of the Trypillia societies from the early phase (4800-4200/4100 BCE), over the agglomeration of mega-sites (4200/4100-3650 BCE), to the dispersal phase (3650-3000 BCE). High δ 15 N values mostly come from the mega-sites. Our analyses show that the subsistence of Trypillia mega-sites depended on pulses cultivated on strongly manured (dung-)soils and on cattle that were kept fenced on intensive pastures to easy collect the manure for pulse cultivation. The food web models indicate a low proportion of meat in human diet (approximately 10%). The largely crop-based diet, consisting of cereals plus up to 46% pulses, was balanced in calories and indispensable amino acids. The flourishing of Europe's first mega-populations depended on an advanced, integral mega-economy that included sophisticated dung management. Their demise was therefore not economically, but socially, conditioned [Hofmann et al. , PLoS One . 14 , e0222243 (2019)]. Competing Interests: Competing interests statement:The authors declare no competing interest.
Databáze:	MEDLINE
Externí odkaz:	Zobrazit plný text záznamu