How S100B crosses brain barriers and why it is considered a peripheral marker of brain injury.

Autor:	Gayger-Dias V; Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90.035-003, Brazil., Vizuete AF; Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90.035-003, Brazil., Rodrigues L; Graduate Program in Neurosciences, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90.035-003, Brazil., Wartchow KM; Brain Health Imaging Institute, Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10044, USA., Bobermin L; Graduate Program in Neurosciences, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90.035-003, Brazil., Leite MC; Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90.035-003, Brazil., Quincozes-Santos A; Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90.035-003, Brazil., Kleindienst A; Department of Neurosurgery, Friedrich-Alexander University, 91054 Erlangen, Germany., Gonçalves CA; Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90.035-003, Brazil.
Jazyk:	angličtina
Zdroj:	Experimental biology and medicine (Maywood, N.J.) [Exp Biol Med (Maywood)] 2023 Nov; Vol. 248 (22), pp. 2109-2119. Date of Electronic Publication: 2023 Dec 06.
DOI:	10.1177/15353702231214260
Abstrakt:	S100B is a 21-kDa protein that is produced and secreted by astrocytes and widely used as a marker of brain injury in clinical and experimental studies. The majority of these studies are based on measurements in blood serum, assuming an associated increase in cerebrospinal fluid and a rupture of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Moreover, extracerebral sources of S100B are often underestimated. Herein, we will review these interpretations and discuss the routes by which S100B, produced by astrocytes, reaches the circulatory system. We discuss the concept of S100B as an alarmin and its dual activity as an inflammatory and neurotrophic molecule. Furthermore, we emphasize the lack of data supporting the idea that S100B acts as a marker of BBB rupture, and the need to include the glymphatic system in the interpretations of serum changes of S100B. The review is also dedicated to valorizing extracerebral sources of S100B, particularly adipocytes. Furthermore, S100B per se may have direct and indirect modulating roles in brain barriers: on the tight junctions that regulate paracellular transport; on the expression of its receptor, RAGE, which is involved in transcellular protein transport; and on aquaporin-4, a key protein in the glymphatic system that is responsible for the clearance of extracellular proteins from the central nervous system. We hope that the data on S100B, discussed here, will be useful and that it will translate into further health benefits in medical practice. Competing Interests: Declaration of conflicting interestsThe author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.
Databáze:	MEDLINE
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