| Autor: |
Riddick SN; Energy Institute, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80524, USA., Mbua M; Energy Institute, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80524, USA., Riddick JC; Independent Researcher, Lockerbie DG11 2DU, Scotland, UK., Houlihan C; Energy Institute, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80524, USA., Hodshire AL; Energy Institute, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80524, USA., Zimmerle DJ; Energy Institute, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80524, USA. |
| Jazyk: |
angličtina |
| Zdroj: |
Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) [Sensors (Basel)] 2023 Nov 17; Vol. 23 (22). Date of Electronic Publication: 2023 Nov 17. |
| DOI: |
10.3390/s23229246 |
| Abstrakt: |
The recent interest in measuring methane (CH 4 ) emissions from abandoned oil and gas wells has resulted in five methods being typically used. In line with the US Federal Orphaned Wells Program's (FOWP) guidelines and the American Carbon Registry's (ACR) protocols, quantification methods must be able to measure minimum emissions of 1 g of CH 4 h -1 to within ±20%. To investigate if the methods meet the required standard, dynamic chambers, a Hi-Flow (HF) sampler, and a Gaussian plume (GP)-based approach were all used to quantify a controlled emission ( Q av ; g h -1 ) of 1 g of CH 4 h -1 . After triplicate experiments, the average accuracy ( A r ; %) and the upper ( U u ; %) and lower ( U l ; %) uncertainty bounds of all methods were calculated. Two dynamic chambers were used, one following the ACR guidelines, and a second "mobile" chamber made from lightweight materials that could be constructed around a source of emission on a well head. The average emission calculated from the measurements made using the dynamic chamber ( Q av = 1.01 g CH 4 h -1 , A r = +0.9%), the mobile chamber ( Q av = 0.99 g CH 4 h -1 , A r = -1.4%), the GP approach ( Q av = 0.97 g CH 4 h -1 , A r = -2.6%), and the HF sampler ( Q av = 1.02 g CH 4 h -1 , A r = +2.2%) were all within ±3% of 1 g of CH 4 h -1 and met the requirements of the FOWP and ACR protocols. The results also suggest that the individual measurements made using the dynamic chamber can quantify emissions of 1 g of CH 4 h -1 to within ±6% irrespective of the design (material, number of parts, geometrical shape, and hose length), and changes to the construction or material specifications as defined via ACR make no discernible difference to the quantification uncertainty. Our tests show that a collapsible chamber can be easily constructed around the emission source on an abandoned well and be used to quantify emissions from abandoned wells in remote areas. To our knowledge, this is the first time that methods for measuring the CH 4 emissions of 1 g of CH 4 h -1 have been quantitively assessed against a known reference source and against each other. |
| Databáze: |
MEDLINE |
| Externí odkaz: |
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