Quality control of Ganoderma lucidum by using C, H, O, and N stable isotopes and C and N contents for geographical traceability.

Autor:	Zhang Y; College of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian, China.; Centre of Biomedical Research & Diversity of Development, Fujian University Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian, China., Jiang K; College of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian, China.; Centre of Biomedical Research & Diversity of Development, Fujian University Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian, China., Chen S; College of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian, China., Wang L; College of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian, China.; Centre of Biomedical Research & Diversity of Development, Fujian University Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian, China., Zhang X; College of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian, China., Xu W; College of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian, China.; Centre of Biomedical Research & Diversity of Development, Fujian University Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian, China.; Innovation and Transformation Center of Science and Technology, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian, China., Yam MF; College of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian, China.; Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University Sains Malaysia, Minden, Penang, Malaysia., Wu C; Research and Development Department, Fujian Xianzhilou Biological Science & Technology Co., Ltd., Fuzhou, China., Xu W; College of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian, China.; Centre of Biomedical Research & Diversity of Development, Fujian University Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian, China., Lin Y; College of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian, China.; Centre of Biomedical Research & Diversity of Development, Fujian University Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian, China.
Jazyk:	angličtina
Zdroj:	Frontiers in plant science [Front Plant Sci] 2023 Oct 11; Vol. 14, pp. 1234729. Date of Electronic Publication: 2023 Oct 11 (Print Publication: 2023).
DOI:	10.3389/fpls.2023.1234729
Abstrakt:	Rationale: Ganoderma lucidum ( G. lucidum ) is a popular medicinal fungus that has been used in traditional medicine for decades, with its provenance influencing its medicinal and commercial worth. The amount of active ingredients and the price of G. lucidum from different origins vary significantly; hence, fraudulent labeling is common. Reliable techniques for G. lucidum geographic verification are urgently required to safeguard the interests of consumers, producers, and honest dealers. A stable isotope is widely acknowledged as a useful traceability technique and could be developed to confirm the geographical origin of G. lucidum . Methods: G. lucidum samples from various sources and in varying stages were identified by using δ 13 C, δ D, δ 18 O, δ 15 N, C, and N contents combined with chemometric tools. Chemometric approaches, including PCA, OPLS-DA, PLS, and FLDA models, were applied to the obtained data. The established models were used to trace the origin of G. lucidum from various sources or track various stages of G. lucidum . Results: In the stage model, the δ 13 C, δ D, δ 18 O, δ 15 N, C, and N contents were considered meaningful variables to identify various stages of G. lucidum (bud development, growth, and maturing) using PCA and OPLS-DA and the findings were validated by the PLS model rather than by only four variables ( δ 13 C, δ D, δ 18 O, and δ 15 N). In the origin model, only four variables, namely δ 13 C, δ D, δ 18 O, and δ 15 N, were used. PCA divided G. lucidum samples into four clusters: A (Zhejiang), B (Anhui), C (Jilin), and D (Fujian). The OPLS-DA model could be used to classify the origin of G. lucidum . The model was validated by other test samples ( Pseudostellaria heterophylla ), and the external test ( G. lucidum ) by PLS and FLDA models demonstrated external verification accuracy of up to 100%. Conclusion: C, H, O, and N stable isotopes and C and N contents combined with chemometric techniques demonstrated considerable potential in the geographic authentication of G. lucidum , providing a promising method to identify stages of G. lucidum . Competing Interests: CW was employed by the company Fujian Xianzhilou Biological Science & Technology Co., Ltd. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. (Copyright © 2023 Zhang, Jiang, Chen, Wang, Zhang, Xu, Yam, Wu, Xu and Lin.)
Databáze:	MEDLINE
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