| Autor: |
Zhang Z; Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany., Yang Q; Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany.; The German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany., Fristoe TS; Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany., Dawson W; Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham, UK., Essl F; Division of BioInvasions, Global Change & Macroecology, Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.; Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa., Kreft H; Biodiversity, Macroecology and Biogeography, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.; Centre of Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use (CBL), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.; Campus Institute Data Science, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany., Lenzner B; Division of BioInvasions, Global Change & Macroecology, Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria., Pergl J; Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Botany, Department of Invasion Ecology, Průhonice, Czech Republic., Pyšek P; Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Botany, Department of Invasion Ecology, Průhonice, Czech Republic.; Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic., Weigelt P; Biodiversity, Macroecology and Biogeography, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.; Centre of Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use (CBL), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.; Campus Institute Data Science, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany., Winter M; German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.; Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany., Fuentes N; Departamento de Botánica, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile., Kartesz JT; Biota of North America Program (BONAP), Chapel Hill, NC, USA., Nishino M; Biota of North America Program (BONAP), Chapel Hill, NC, USA., van Kleunen M; Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany.; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation, Taizhou University, Taizhou, China. |
| Abstrakt: |
Plant introductions outside their native ranges by humans have led to substantial ecological consequences. While we have gained considerable knowledge about intercontinental introductions, the distribution and determinants of intracontinental aliens remain poorly understood. Here, we studied naturalized (i.e., self-sustaining) intracontinental aliens using native and alien floras of 243 mainland regions in North America, South America, Europe, and Australia. We revealed that 4510 plant species had intracontinental origins, accounting for 3.9% of all plant species and 56.7% of all naturalized species in these continents. In North America and Europe, the numbers of intracontinental aliens peaked at mid-latitudes, while the proportion peaked at high latitudes in Europe. Notably, we found predominant poleward naturalization, primarily due to larger native species pools in low-latitudes. Geographic and climatic distances constrained the naturalization of intracontinental aliens in Australia, Europe, and North America, but not in South America. These findings suggest that poleward naturalizations will accelerate, as high latitudes become suitable for more plant species due to climate change. |
