The Biological Basis of Sex Differences in Athletic Performance: Consensus Statement for the American College of Sports Medicine.

Autor:	Hunter SK; Exercise Science Program, Department of Physical Therapy, and Athletic and Human Performance Center, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI., S Angadi S; Department of Kinesiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA., Bhargava A; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Center for Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA., Harper J; Loughborough University, Loughborough, UNITED KINGDOM., Hirschberg AL; Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, and Department of Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, SWEDEN., D Levine B; Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas, and the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX., L Moreau K; Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatric Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, and Eastern Colorado Health Care System, Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Aurora, CO., J Nokoff N; Department of Pediatrics, Section of Endocrinology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO., Stachenfeld NS; The John B. Pierce Laboratory and Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT., Bermon S; Health and Science Department, World Athletics, Monaco and the LAMHESS, University Côte d'Azur, Nice, FRANCE.
Jazyk:	angličtina
Zdroj:	Medicine and science in sports and exercise [Med Sci Sports Exerc] 2023 Dec 01; Vol. 55 (12), pp. 2328-2360. Date of Electronic Publication: 2023 Sep 28.
DOI:	10.1249/MSS.0000000000003300
Abstrakt:	Abstract: Biological sex is a primary determinant of athletic performance because of fundamental sex differences in anatomy and physiology dictated by sex chromosomes and sex hormones. Adult men are typically stronger, more powerful, and faster than women of similar age and training status. Thus, for athletic events and sports relying on endurance, muscle strength, speed, and power, males typically outperform females by 10%-30% depending on the requirements of the event. These sex differences in performance emerge with the onset of puberty and coincide with the increase in endogenous sex steroid hormones, in particular testosterone in males, which increases 30-fold by adulthood, but remains low in females. The primary goal of this consensus statement is to provide the latest scientific knowledge and mechanisms for the sex differences in athletic performance. This review highlights the differences in anatomy and physiology between males and females that are primary determinants of the sex differences in athletic performance and in response to exercise training, and the role of sex steroid hormones (particularly testosterone and estradiol). We also identify historical and nonphysiological factors that influence the sex differences in performance. Finally, we identify gaps in the knowledge of sex differences in athletic performance and the underlying mechanisms, providing substantial opportunities for high-impact studies. A major step toward closing the knowledge gap is to include more and equitable numbers of women to that of men in mechanistic studies that determine any of the sex differences in response to an acute bout of exercise, exercise training, and athletic performance. (Copyright © 2023 by the American College of Sports Medicine.)
Databáze:	MEDLINE
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