| Autor: |
Zulfiqar U; Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan., Haider FU; Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China.; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China., Maqsood MF; Department of Botany, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan., Mohy-Ud-Din W; Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan.; Department of Soil and Environmental Sciences, Ghazi University, D. G. Khan 32200, Pakistan.; Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Baltimore, MD 21202, USA., Shabaan M; Land Resources Research Institute (LRRI), National Agricultural Research Centre (NARC), Islamabad, Pakistan., Ahmad M; Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan., Kaleem M; Department of Botany, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan., Ishfaq M; Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan.; Department of Agriculture, Extension, Azad Jammu & Kashmir, Pakistan., Aslam Z; Soil and Environmental Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Constituent College of Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Faisalabad, Pakistan., Shahzad B; Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia. |
| Abstrakt: |
Soil contamination with cadmium (Cd) is a severe concern for the developing world due to its non-biodegradability and significant potential to damage the ecosystem and associated services. Industries such as mining, manufacturing, building, etc., rapidly produce a substantial amount of Cd, posing environmental risks. Cd toxicity in crop plants decreases nutrient and water uptake and translocation, increases oxidative damage, interferes with plant metabolism and inhibits plant morphology and physiology. However, various conventional physicochemical approaches are available to remove Cd from the soil, including chemical reduction, immobilization, stabilization and electro-remediation. Nevertheless, these processes are costly and unfriendly to the environment because they require much energy, skilled labor and hazardous chemicals. In contrasting, contaminated soils can be restored by using bioremediation techniques, which use plants alone and in association with different beneficial microbes as cutting-edge approaches. This review covers the bioremediation of soils contaminated with Cd in various new ways. The bioremediation capability of bacteria and fungi alone and in combination with plants are studied and analyzed. Microbes, including bacteria, fungi and algae, are reported to have a high tolerance for metals, having a 98% bioremediation capability. The internal structure of microorganisms, their cell surface characteristics and the surrounding environmental circumstances are all discussed concerning how microbes detoxify metals. Moreover, issues affecting the effectiveness of bioremediation are explored, along with potential difficulties, solutions and prospects. |
