Timing of Primary Surgery for Cleft Palate.

Autor:	Gamble C; From the University of Liverpool (C.G., R.C., E.C., L.P., P.R.W.) and Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust (S.M.), Liverpool, Royal Hospital for Sick Children (G.C., N.L.) and the University of Edinburgh (F.M.), Edinburgh, Northern and Yorkshire Regional Cleft Lip and Palate Service (S.C.) and Leeds General Infirmary (C.L.), Leeds, Cleft Care Scotland, Glasgow (L.C.), Bristol Dental Hospital, Bristol (L.A.), the University of Manchester (J.C.-S., A.E.-A., G.S., K.M., T.W., W.S.) and Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust (M.B., K.P.), Manchester, Birmingham Children's Hospital (B.F.) and Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust (I.U.), Birmingham, Salisbury District Hospital, Salisbury (G.P.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne (L.R., S.E.), and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (L.S.) - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Gothenburg (C.P.) and Sahlgrenska University Hospital (C.H.), Gothenburg, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala (M.A., E.L.), Linköping University Hospital, Linköping (P.B., A.-S.B.T.), Umeå University (K.B.) and Norrlands University Hospital (J.E.W.), Umeå, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö (K.K., M.S.), Karolinska Institutet, Solna (A.L., J.N.), and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (L.R.W.) - all in Sweden; the University of Copenhagen (E.W., L.D.J.) and Copenhagen Cleft Palate Center (H.S.A., L.D.J.), Copenhagen, and the Cleft Palate Center, Aarhus (B.K.E., L.L., J.B.N.) - all in Denmark; the University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil (M.Z.A., A.P.F., C.G.A.B.G., H.C.M., S.H.A.P.-P., I.E.K.T., R.P.Y.); and Statped (R.A., A.K.H., M.B.K., J.L.) and Statped Sørøst (M.M.), Oslo, and Statped Vest, Bergen (N.-H.P., J.T.) - all in Norway., Persson C; From the University of Liverpool (C.G., R.C., E.C., L.P., P.R.W.) and Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust (S.M.), Liverpool, Royal Hospital for Sick Children (G.C., N.L.) and the University of Edinburgh (F.M.), Edinburgh, Northern and Yorkshire Regional Cleft Lip and Palate Service (S.C.) and Leeds General Infirmary (C.L.), Leeds, Cleft Care Scotland, Glasgow (L.C.), Bristol Dental Hospital, Bristol (L.A.), the University of Manchester (J.C.-S., A.E.-A., G.S., K.M., T.W., W.S.) and Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust (M.B., K.P.), Manchester, Birmingham Children's Hospital (B.F.) and Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust (I.U.), Birmingham, Salisbury District Hospital, Salisbury (G.P.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne (L.R., S.E.), and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (L.S.) - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Gothenburg (C.P.) and Sahlgrenska University Hospital (C.H.), Gothenburg, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala (M.A., E.L.), Linköping University Hospital, Linköping (P.B., A.-S.B.T.), Umeå University (K.B.) and Norrlands University Hospital (J.E.W.), Umeå, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö (K.K., M.S.), Karolinska Institutet, Solna (A.L., J.N.), and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (L.R.W.) - all in Sweden; the University of Copenhagen (E.W., L.D.J.) and Copenhagen Cleft Palate Center (H.S.A., L.D.J.), Copenhagen, and the Cleft Palate Center, Aarhus (B.K.E., L.L., J.B.N.) - all in Denmark; the University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil (M.Z.A., A.P.F., C.G.A.B.G., H.C.M., S.H.A.P.-P., I.E.K.T., R.P.Y.); and Statped (R.A., A.K.H., M.B.K., J.L.) and Statped Sørøst (M.M.), Oslo, and Statped Vest, Bergen (N.-H.P., J.T.) - all in Norway., Willadsen E; From the University of Liverpool (C.G., R.C., E.C., L.P., P.R.W.) and Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust (S.M.), Liverpool, Royal Hospital for Sick Children (G.C., N.L.) and the University of Edinburgh (F.M.), Edinburgh, Northern and Yorkshire Regional Cleft Lip and Palate Service (S.C.) and Leeds General Infirmary (C.L.), Leeds, Cleft Care Scotland, Glasgow (L.C.), Bristol Dental Hospital, Bristol (L.A.), the University of Manchester (J.C.-S., A.E.-A., G.S., K.M., T.W., W.S.) and Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust (M.B., K.P.), Manchester, Birmingham Children's Hospital (B.F.) and Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust (I.U.), Birmingham, Salisbury District Hospital, Salisbury (G.P.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne (L.R., S.E.), and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (L.S.) - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Gothenburg (C.P.) and Sahlgrenska University Hospital (C.H.), Gothenburg, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala (M.A., E.L.), Linköping University Hospital, Linköping (P.B., A.-S.B.T.), Umeå University (K.B.) and Norrlands University Hospital (J.E.W.), Umeå, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö (K.K., M.S.), Karolinska Institutet, Solna (A.L., J.N.), and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (L.R.W.) - all in Sweden; the University of Copenhagen (E.W., L.D.J.) and Copenhagen Cleft Palate Center (H.S.A., L.D.J.), Copenhagen, and the Cleft Palate Center, Aarhus (B.K.E., L.L., J.B.N.) - all in Denmark; the University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil (M.Z.A., A.P.F., C.G.A.B.G., H.C.M., S.H.A.P.-P., I.E.K.T., R.P.Y.); and Statped (R.A., A.K.H., M.B.K., J.L.) and Statped Sørøst (M.M.), Oslo, and Statped Vest, Bergen (N.-H.P., J.T.) - all in Norway., Albery L; From the University of Liverpool (C.G., R.C., E.C., L.P., P.R.W.) and Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust (S.M.), Liverpool, Royal Hospital for Sick Children (G.C., N.L.) and the University of Edinburgh (F.M.), Edinburgh, Northern and Yorkshire Regional Cleft Lip and Palate Service (S.C.) and Leeds General Infirmary (C.L.), Leeds, Cleft Care Scotland, Glasgow (L.C.), Bristol Dental Hospital, Bristol (L.A.), the University of Manchester (J.C.-S., A.E.-A., G.S., K.M., T.W., W.S.) and Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust (M.B., K.P.), Manchester, Birmingham Children's Hospital (B.F.) and Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust (I.U.), Birmingham, Salisbury District Hospital, Salisbury (G.P.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne (L.R., S.E.), and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (L.S.) - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Gothenburg (C.P.) and Sahlgrenska University Hospital (C.H.), Gothenburg, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala (M.A., E.L.), Linköping University Hospital, Linköping (P.B., A.-S.B.T.), Umeå University (K.B.) and Norrlands University Hospital (J.E.W.), Umeå, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö (K.K., M.S.), Karolinska Institutet, Solna (A.L., J.N.), and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (L.R.W.) - all in Sweden; the University of Copenhagen (E.W., L.D.J.) and Copenhagen Cleft Palate Center (H.S.A., L.D.J.), Copenhagen, and the Cleft Palate Center, Aarhus (B.K.E., L.L., J.B.N.) - all in Denmark; the University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil (M.Z.A., A.P.F., C.G.A.B.G., H.C.M., S.H.A.P.-P., I.E.K.T., R.P.Y.); and Statped (R.A., A.K.H., M.B.K., J.L.) and Statped Sørøst (M.M.), Oslo, and Statped Vest, Bergen (N.-H.P., J.T.) - all in Norway., Soegaard Andersen H; From the University of Liverpool (C.G., R.C., E.C., L.P., P.R.W.) and Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust (S.M.), Liverpool, Royal Hospital for Sick Children (G.C., N.L.) and the University of Edinburgh (F.M.), Edinburgh, Northern and Yorkshire Regional Cleft Lip and Palate Service (S.C.) and Leeds General Infirmary (C.L.), Leeds, Cleft Care Scotland, Glasgow (L.C.), Bristol Dental Hospital, Bristol (L.A.), the University of Manchester (J.C.-S., A.E.-A., G.S., K.M., T.W., W.S.) and Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust (M.B., K.P.), Manchester, Birmingham Children's Hospital (B.F.) and Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust (I.U.), Birmingham, Salisbury District Hospital, Salisbury (G.P.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne (L.R., S.E.), and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (L.S.) - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Gothenburg (C.P.) and Sahlgrenska University Hospital (C.H.), Gothenburg, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala (M.A., E.L.), Linköping University Hospital, Linköping (P.B., A.-S.B.T.), Umeå University (K.B.) and Norrlands University Hospital (J.E.W.), Umeå, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö (K.K., M.S.), Karolinska Institutet, Solna (A.L., J.N.), and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (L.R.W.) - all in Sweden; the University of Copenhagen (E.W., L.D.J.) and Copenhagen Cleft Palate Center (H.S.A., L.D.J.), Copenhagen, and the Cleft Palate Center, Aarhus (B.K.E., L.L., J.B.N.) - all in Denmark; the University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil (M.Z.A., A.P.F., C.G.A.B.G., H.C.M., S.H.A.P.-P., I.E.K.T., R.P.Y.); and Statped (R.A., A.K.H., M.B.K., J.L.) and Statped Sørøst (M.M.), Oslo, and Statped Vest, Bergen (N.-H.P., J.T.) - all in Norway., Zattoni Antoneli M; From the University of Liverpool (C.G., R.C., E.C., L.P., P.R.W.) and Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust (S.M.), Liverpool, Royal Hospital for Sick Children (G.C., N.L.) and the University of Edinburgh (F.M.), Edinburgh, Northern and Yorkshire Regional Cleft Lip and Palate Service (S.C.) and Leeds General Infirmary (C.L.), Leeds, Cleft Care Scotland, Glasgow (L.C.), Bristol Dental Hospital, Bristol (L.A.), the University of Manchester (J.C.-S., A.E.-A., G.S., K.M., T.W., W.S.) and Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust (M.B., K.P.), Manchester, Birmingham Children's Hospital (B.F.) and Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust (I.U.), Birmingham, Salisbury District Hospital, Salisbury (G.P.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne (L.R., S.E.), and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (L.S.) - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Gothenburg (C.P.) and Sahlgrenska University Hospital (C.H.), Gothenburg, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala (M.A., E.L.), Linköping University Hospital, Linköping (P.B., A.-S.B.T.), Umeå University (K.B.) and Norrlands University Hospital (J.E.W.), Umeå, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö (K.K., M.S.), Karolinska Institutet, Solna (A.L., J.N.), and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (L.R.W.) - all in Sweden; the University of Copenhagen (E.W., L.D.J.) and Copenhagen Cleft Palate Center (H.S.A., L.D.J.), Copenhagen, and the Cleft Palate Center, Aarhus (B.K.E., L.L., J.B.N.) - all in Denmark; the University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil (M.Z.A., A.P.F., C.G.A.B.G., H.C.M., S.H.A.P.-P., I.E.K.T., R.P.Y.); and Statped (R.A., A.K.H., M.B.K., J.L.) and Statped Sørøst (M.M.), Oslo, and Statped Vest, Bergen (N.-H.P., J.T.) - all in Norway., Appelqvist M; From the University of Liverpool (C.G., R.C., E.C., L.P., P.R.W.) and Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust (S.M.), Liverpool, Royal Hospital for Sick Children (G.C., N.L.) and the University of Edinburgh (F.M.), Edinburgh, Northern and Yorkshire Regional Cleft Lip and Palate Service (S.C.) and Leeds General Infirmary (C.L.), Leeds, Cleft Care Scotland, Glasgow (L.C.), Bristol Dental Hospital, Bristol (L.A.), the University of Manchester (J.C.-S., A.E.-A., G.S., K.M., T.W., W.S.) and Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust (M.B., K.P.), Manchester, Birmingham Children's Hospital (B.F.) and Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust (I.U.), Birmingham, Salisbury District Hospital, Salisbury (G.P.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne (L.R., S.E.), and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (L.S.) - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Gothenburg (C.P.) and Sahlgrenska University Hospital (C.H.), Gothenburg, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala (M.A., E.L.), Linköping University Hospital, Linköping (P.B., A.-S.B.T.), Umeå University (K.B.) and Norrlands University Hospital (J.E.W.), Umeå, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö (K.K., M.S.), Karolinska Institutet, Solna (A.L., J.N.), and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (L.R.W.) - all in Sweden; the University of Copenhagen (E.W., L.D.J.) and Copenhagen Cleft Palate Center (H.S.A., L.D.J.), Copenhagen, and the Cleft Palate Center, Aarhus (B.K.E., L.L., J.B.N.) - all in Denmark; the University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil (M.Z.A., A.P.F., C.G.A.B.G., H.C.M., S.H.A.P.-P., I.E.K.T., R.P.Y.); and Statped (R.A., A.K.H., M.B.K., J.L.) and Statped Sørøst (M.M.), Oslo, and Statped Vest, Bergen (N.-H.P., J.T.) - all in Norway., Aukner R; From the University of Liverpool (C.G., R.C., E.C., L.P., P.R.W.) and Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust (S.M.), Liverpool, Royal Hospital for Sick Children (G.C., N.L.) and the University of Edinburgh (F.M.), Edinburgh, Northern and Yorkshire Regional Cleft Lip and Palate Service (S.C.) and Leeds General Infirmary (C.L.), Leeds, Cleft Care Scotland, Glasgow (L.C.), Bristol Dental Hospital, Bristol (L.A.), the University of Manchester (J.C.-S., A.E.-A., G.S., K.M., T.W., W.S.) and Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust (M.B., K.P.), Manchester, Birmingham Children's Hospital (B.F.) and Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust (I.U.), Birmingham, Salisbury District Hospital, Salisbury (G.P.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne (L.R., S.E.), and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (L.S.) - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Gothenburg (C.P.) and Sahlgrenska University Hospital (C.H.), Gothenburg, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala (M.A., E.L.), Linköping University Hospital, Linköping (P.B., A.-S.B.T.), Umeå University (K.B.) and Norrlands University Hospital (J.E.W.), Umeå, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö (K.K., M.S.), Karolinska Institutet, Solna (A.L., J.N.), and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (L.R.W.) - all in Sweden; the University of Copenhagen (E.W., L.D.J.) and Copenhagen Cleft Palate Center (H.S.A., L.D.J.), Copenhagen, and the Cleft Palate Center, Aarhus (B.K.E., L.L., J.B.N.) - all in Denmark; the University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil (M.Z.A., A.P.F., C.G.A.B.G., H.C.M., S.H.A.P.-P., I.E.K.T., R.P.Y.); and Statped (R.A., A.K.H., M.B.K., J.L.) and Statped Sørøst (M.M.), Oslo, and Statped Vest, Bergen (N.-H.P., J.T.) - all in Norway., Bodling P; From the University of Liverpool (C.G., R.C., E.C., L.P., P.R.W.) and Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust (S.M.), Liverpool, Royal Hospital for Sick Children (G.C., N.L.) and the University of Edinburgh (F.M.), Edinburgh, Northern and Yorkshire Regional Cleft Lip and Palate Service (S.C.) and Leeds General Infirmary (C.L.), Leeds, Cleft Care Scotland, Glasgow (L.C.), Bristol Dental Hospital, Bristol (L.A.), the University of Manchester (J.C.-S., A.E.-A., G.S., K.M., T.W., W.S.) and Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust (M.B., K.P.), Manchester, Birmingham Children's Hospital (B.F.) and Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust (I.U.), Birmingham, Salisbury District Hospital, Salisbury (G.P.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne (L.R., S.E.), and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (L.S.) - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Gothenburg (C.P.) and Sahlgrenska University Hospital (C.H.), Gothenburg, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala (M.A., E.L.), Linköping University Hospital, Linköping (P.B., A.-S.B.T.), Umeå University (K.B.) and Norrlands University Hospital (J.E.W.), Umeå, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö (K.K., M.S.), Karolinska Institutet, Solna (A.L., J.N.), and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (L.R.W.) - all in Sweden; the University of Copenhagen (E.W., L.D.J.) and Copenhagen Cleft Palate Center (H.S.A., L.D.J.), Copenhagen, and the Cleft Palate Center, Aarhus (B.K.E., L.L., J.B.N.) - all in Denmark; the University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil (M.Z.A., A.P.F., C.G.A.B.G., H.C.M., S.H.A.P.-P., I.E.K.T., R.P.Y.); and Statped (R.A., A.K.H., M.B.K., J.L.) and Statped Sørøst (M.M.), Oslo, and Statped Vest, Bergen (N.-H.P., J.T.) - all in Norway., Bowden M; From the University of Liverpool (C.G., R.C., E.C., L.P., P.R.W.) and Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust (S.M.), Liverpool, Royal Hospital for Sick Children (G.C., N.L.) and the University of Edinburgh (F.M.), Edinburgh, Northern and Yorkshire Regional Cleft Lip and Palate Service (S.C.) and Leeds General Infirmary (C.L.), Leeds, Cleft Care Scotland, Glasgow (L.C.), Bristol Dental Hospital, Bristol (L.A.), the University of Manchester (J.C.-S., A.E.-A., G.S., K.M., T.W., W.S.) and Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust (M.B., K.P.), Manchester, Birmingham Children's Hospital (B.F.) and Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust (I.U.), Birmingham, Salisbury District Hospital, Salisbury (G.P.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne (L.R., S.E.), and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (L.S.) - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Gothenburg (C.P.) and Sahlgrenska University Hospital (C.H.), Gothenburg, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala (M.A., E.L.), Linköping University Hospital, Linköping (P.B., A.-S.B.T.), Umeå University (K.B.) and Norrlands University Hospital (J.E.W.), Umeå, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö (K.K., M.S.), Karolinska Institutet, Solna (A.L., J.N.), and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (L.R.W.) - all in Sweden; the University of Copenhagen (E.W., L.D.J.) and Copenhagen Cleft Palate Center (H.S.A., L.D.J.), Copenhagen, and the Cleft Palate Center, Aarhus (B.K.E., L.L., J.B.N.) - all in Denmark; the University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil (M.Z.A., A.P.F., C.G.A.B.G., H.C.M., S.H.A.P.-P., I.E.K.T., R.P.Y.); and Statped (R.A., A.K.H., M.B.K., J.L.) and Statped Sørøst (M.M.), Oslo, and Statped Vest, Bergen (N.-H.P., J.T.) - all in Norway., Brunnegård K; From the University of Liverpool (C.G., R.C., E.C., L.P., P.R.W.) and Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust (S.M.), Liverpool, Royal Hospital for Sick Children (G.C., N.L.) and the University of Edinburgh (F.M.), Edinburgh, Northern and Yorkshire Regional Cleft Lip and Palate Service (S.C.) and Leeds General Infirmary (C.L.), Leeds, Cleft Care Scotland, Glasgow (L.C.), Bristol Dental Hospital, Bristol (L.A.), the University of Manchester (J.C.-S., A.E.-A., G.S., K.M., T.W., W.S.) and Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust (M.B., K.P.), Manchester, Birmingham Children's Hospital (B.F.) and Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust (I.U.), Birmingham, Salisbury District Hospital, Salisbury (G.P.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne (L.R., S.E.), and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (L.S.) - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Gothenburg (C.P.) and Sahlgrenska University Hospital (C.H.), Gothenburg, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala (M.A., E.L.), Linköping University Hospital, Linköping (P.B., A.-S.B.T.), Umeå University (K.B.) and Norrlands University Hospital (J.E.W.), Umeå, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö (K.K., M.S.), Karolinska Institutet, Solna (A.L., J.N.), and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (L.R.W.) - all in Sweden; the University of Copenhagen (E.W., L.D.J.) and Copenhagen Cleft Palate Center (H.S.A., L.D.J.), Copenhagen, and the Cleft Palate Center, Aarhus (B.K.E., L.L., J.B.N.) - all in Denmark; the University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil (M.Z.A., A.P.F., C.G.A.B.G., H.C.M., S.H.A.P.-P., I.E.K.T., R.P.Y.); and Statped (R.A., A.K.H., M.B.K., J.L.) and Statped Sørøst (M.M.), Oslo, and Statped Vest, Bergen (N.-H.P., J.T.) - all in Norway., Cairns G; From the University of Liverpool (C.G., R.C., E.C., L.P., P.R.W.) and Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust (S.M.), Liverpool, Royal Hospital for Sick Children (G.C., N.L.) and the University of Edinburgh (F.M.), Edinburgh, Northern and Yorkshire Regional Cleft Lip and Palate Service (S.C.) and Leeds General Infirmary (C.L.), Leeds, Cleft Care Scotland, Glasgow (L.C.), Bristol Dental Hospital, Bristol (L.A.), the University of Manchester (J.C.-S., A.E.-A., G.S., K.M., T.W., W.S.) and Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust (M.B., K.P.), Manchester, Birmingham Children's Hospital (B.F.) and Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust (I.U.), Birmingham, Salisbury District Hospital, Salisbury (G.P.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne (L.R., S.E.), and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (L.S.) - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Gothenburg (C.P.) and Sahlgrenska University Hospital (C.H.), Gothenburg, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala (M.A., E.L.), Linköping University Hospital, Linköping (P.B., A.-S.B.T.), Umeå University (K.B.) and Norrlands University Hospital (J.E.W.), Umeå, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö (K.K., M.S.), Karolinska Institutet, Solna (A.L., J.N.), and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (L.R.W.) - all in Sweden; the University of Copenhagen (E.W., L.D.J.) and Copenhagen Cleft Palate Center (H.S.A., L.D.J.), Copenhagen, and the Cleft Palate Center, Aarhus (B.K.E., L.L., J.B.N.) - all in Denmark; the University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil (M.Z.A., A.P.F., C.G.A.B.G., H.C.M., S.H.A.P.-P., I.E.K.T., R.P.Y.); and Statped (R.A., A.K.H., M.B.K., J.L.) and Statped Sørøst (M.M.), Oslo, and Statped Vest, Bergen (N.-H.P., J.T.) - all in Norway., Calladine S; From the University of Liverpool (C.G., R.C., E.C., L.P., P.R.W.) and Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust (S.M.), Liverpool, Royal Hospital for Sick Children (G.C., N.L.) and the University of Edinburgh (F.M.), Edinburgh, Northern and Yorkshire Regional Cleft Lip and Palate Service (S.C.) and Leeds General Infirmary (C.L.), Leeds, Cleft Care Scotland, Glasgow (L.C.), Bristol Dental Hospital, Bristol (L.A.), the University of Manchester (J.C.-S., A.E.-A., G.S., K.M., T.W., W.S.) and Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust (M.B., K.P.), Manchester, Birmingham Children's Hospital (B.F.) and Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust (I.U.), Birmingham, Salisbury District Hospital, Salisbury (G.P.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne (L.R., S.E.), and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (L.S.) - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Gothenburg (C.P.) and Sahlgrenska University Hospital (C.H.), Gothenburg, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala (M.A., E.L.), Linköping University Hospital, Linköping (P.B., A.-S.B.T.), Umeå University (K.B.) and Norrlands University Hospital (J.E.W.), Umeå, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö (K.K., M.S.), Karolinska Institutet, Solna (A.L., J.N.), and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (L.R.W.) - all in Sweden; the University of Copenhagen (E.W., L.D.J.) and Copenhagen Cleft Palate Center (H.S.A., L.D.J.), Copenhagen, and the Cleft Palate Center, Aarhus (B.K.E., L.L., J.B.N.) - all in Denmark; the University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil (M.Z.A., A.P.F., C.G.A.B.G., H.C.M., S.H.A.P.-P., I.E.K.T., R.P.Y.); and Statped (R.A., A.K.H., M.B.K., J.L.) and Statped Sørøst (M.M.), Oslo, and Statped Vest, Bergen (N.-H.P., J.T.) - all in Norway., Campbell L; From the University of Liverpool (C.G., R.C., E.C., L.P., P.R.W.) and Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust (S.M.), Liverpool, Royal Hospital for Sick Children (G.C., N.L.) and the University of Edinburgh (F.M.), Edinburgh, Northern and Yorkshire Regional Cleft Lip and Palate Service (S.C.) and Leeds General Infirmary (C.L.), Leeds, Cleft Care Scotland, Glasgow (L.C.), Bristol Dental Hospital, Bristol (L.A.), the University of Manchester (J.C.-S., A.E.-A., G.S., K.M., T.W., W.S.) and Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust (M.B., K.P.), Manchester, Birmingham Children's Hospital (B.F.) and Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust (I.U.), Birmingham, Salisbury District Hospital, Salisbury (G.P.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne (L.R., S.E.), and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (L.S.) - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Gothenburg (C.P.) and Sahlgrenska University Hospital (C.H.), Gothenburg, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala (M.A., E.L.), Linköping University Hospital, Linköping (P.B., A.-S.B.T.), Umeå University (K.B.) and Norrlands University Hospital (J.E.W.), Umeå, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö (K.K., M.S.), Karolinska Institutet, Solna (A.L., J.N.), and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (L.R.W.) - all in Sweden; the University of Copenhagen (E.W., L.D.J.) and Copenhagen Cleft Palate Center (H.S.A., L.D.J.), Copenhagen, and the Cleft Palate Center, Aarhus (B.K.E., L.L., J.B.N.) - all in Denmark; the University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil (M.Z.A., A.P.F., C.G.A.B.G., H.C.M., S.H.A.P.-P., I.E.K.T., R.P.Y.); and Statped (R.A., A.K.H., M.B.K., J.L.) and Statped Sørøst (M.M.), Oslo, and Statped Vest, Bergen (N.-H.P., J.T.) - all in Norway., Clayton-Smith J; From the University of Liverpool (C.G., R.C., E.C., L.P., P.R.W.) and Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust (S.M.), Liverpool, Royal Hospital for Sick Children (G.C., N.L.) and the University of Edinburgh (F.M.), Edinburgh, Northern and Yorkshire Regional Cleft Lip and Palate Service (S.C.) and Leeds General Infirmary (C.L.), Leeds, Cleft Care Scotland, Glasgow (L.C.), Bristol Dental Hospital, Bristol (L.A.), the University of Manchester (J.C.-S., A.E.-A., G.S., K.M., T.W., W.S.) and Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust (M.B., K.P.), Manchester, Birmingham Children's Hospital (B.F.) and Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust (I.U.), Birmingham, Salisbury District Hospital, Salisbury (G.P.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne (L.R., S.E.), and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (L.S.) - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Gothenburg (C.P.) and Sahlgrenska University Hospital (C.H.), Gothenburg, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala (M.A., E.L.), Linköping University Hospital, Linköping (P.B., A.-S.B.T.), Umeå University (K.B.) and Norrlands University Hospital (J.E.W.), Umeå, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö (K.K., M.S.), Karolinska Institutet, Solna (A.L., J.N.), and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (L.R.W.) - all in Sweden; the University of Copenhagen (E.W., L.D.J.) and Copenhagen Cleft Palate Center (H.S.A., L.D.J.), Copenhagen, and the Cleft Palate Center, Aarhus (B.K.E., L.L., J.B.N.) - all in Denmark; the University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil (M.Z.A., A.P.F., C.G.A.B.G., H.C.M., S.H.A.P.-P., I.E.K.T., R.P.Y.); and Statped (R.A., A.K.H., M.B.K., J.L.) and Statped Sørøst (M.M.), Oslo, and Statped Vest, Bergen (N.-H.P., J.T.) - all in Norway., Cooper R; From the University of Liverpool (C.G., R.C., E.C., L.P., P.R.W.) and Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust (S.M.), Liverpool, Royal Hospital for Sick Children (G.C., N.L.) and the University of Edinburgh (F.M.), Edinburgh, Northern and Yorkshire Regional Cleft Lip and Palate Service (S.C.) and Leeds General Infirmary (C.L.), Leeds, Cleft Care Scotland, Glasgow (L.C.), Bristol Dental Hospital, Bristol (L.A.), the University of Manchester (J.C.-S., A.E.-A., G.S., K.M., T.W., W.S.) and Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust (M.B., K.P.), Manchester, Birmingham Children's Hospital (B.F.) and Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust (I.U.), Birmingham, Salisbury District Hospital, Salisbury (G.P.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne (L.R., S.E.), and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (L.S.) - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Gothenburg (C.P.) and Sahlgrenska University Hospital (C.H.), Gothenburg, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala (M.A., E.L.), Linköping University Hospital, Linköping (P.B., A.-S.B.T.), Umeå University (K.B.) and Norrlands University Hospital (J.E.W.), Umeå, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö (K.K., M.S.), Karolinska Institutet, Solna (A.L., J.N.), and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (L.R.W.) - all in Sweden; the University of Copenhagen (E.W., L.D.J.) and Copenhagen Cleft Palate Center (H.S.A., L.D.J.), Copenhagen, and the Cleft Palate Center, Aarhus (B.K.E., L.L., J.B.N.) - all in Denmark; the University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil (M.Z.A., A.P.F., C.G.A.B.G., H.C.M., S.H.A.P.-P., I.E.K.T., R.P.Y.); and Statped (R.A., A.K.H., M.B.K., J.L.) and Statped Sørøst (M.M.), Oslo, and Statped Vest, Bergen (N.-H.P., J.T.) - all in Norway., Conroy E; From the University of Liverpool (C.G., R.C., E.C., L.P., P.R.W.) and Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust (S.M.), Liverpool, Royal Hospital for Sick Children (G.C., N.L.) and the University of Edinburgh (F.M.), Edinburgh, Northern and Yorkshire Regional Cleft Lip and Palate Service (S.C.) and Leeds General Infirmary (C.L.), Leeds, Cleft Care Scotland, Glasgow (L.C.), Bristol Dental Hospital, Bristol (L.A.), the University of Manchester (J.C.-S., A.E.-A., G.S., K.M., T.W., W.S.) and Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust (M.B., K.P.), Manchester, Birmingham Children's Hospital (B.F.) and Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust (I.U.), Birmingham, Salisbury District Hospital, Salisbury (G.P.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne (L.R., S.E.), and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (L.S.) - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Gothenburg (C.P.) and Sahlgrenska University Hospital (C.H.), Gothenburg, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala (M.A., E.L.), Linköping University Hospital, Linköping (P.B., A.-S.B.T.), Umeå University (K.B.) and Norrlands University Hospital (J.E.W.), Umeå, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö (K.K., M.S.), Karolinska Institutet, Solna (A.L., J.N.), and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (L.R.W.) - all in Sweden; the University of Copenhagen (E.W., L.D.J.) and Copenhagen Cleft Palate Center (H.S.A., L.D.J.), Copenhagen, and the Cleft Palate Center, Aarhus (B.K.E., L.L., J.B.N.) - all in Denmark; the University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil (M.Z.A., A.P.F., C.G.A.B.G., H.C.M., S.H.A.P.-P., I.E.K.T., R.P.Y.); and Statped (R.A., A.K.H., M.B.K., J.L.) and Statped Sørøst (M.M.), Oslo, and Statped Vest, Bergen (N.-H.P., J.T.) - all in Norway., El-Angbawi A; From the University of Liverpool (C.G., R.C., E.C., L.P., P.R.W.) and Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust (S.M.), Liverpool, Royal Hospital for Sick Children (G.C., N.L.) and the University of Edinburgh (F.M.), Edinburgh, Northern and Yorkshire Regional Cleft Lip and Palate Service (S.C.) and Leeds General Infirmary (C.L.), Leeds, Cleft Care Scotland, Glasgow (L.C.), Bristol Dental Hospital, Bristol (L.A.), the University of Manchester (J.C.-S., A.E.-A., G.S., K.M., T.W., W.S.) and Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust (M.B., K.P.), Manchester, Birmingham Children's Hospital (B.F.) and Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust (I.U.), Birmingham, Salisbury District Hospital, Salisbury (G.P.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne (L.R., S.E.), and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (L.S.) - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Gothenburg (C.P.) and Sahlgrenska University Hospital (C.H.), Gothenburg, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala (M.A., E.L.), Linköping University Hospital, Linköping (P.B., A.-S.B.T.), Umeå University (K.B.) and Norrlands University Hospital (J.E.W.), Umeå, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö (K.K., M.S.), Karolinska Institutet, Solna (A.L., J.N.), and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (L.R.W.) - all in Sweden; the University of Copenhagen (E.W., L.D.J.) and Copenhagen Cleft Palate Center (H.S.A., L.D.J.), Copenhagen, and the Cleft Palate Center, Aarhus (B.K.E., L.L., J.B.N.) - all in Denmark; the University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil (M.Z.A., A.P.F., C.G.A.B.G., H.C.M., S.H.A.P.-P., I.E.K.T., R.P.Y.); and Statped (R.A., A.K.H., M.B.K., J.L.) and Statped Sørøst (M.M.), Oslo, and Statped Vest, Bergen (N.-H.P., J.T.) - all in Norway., Kildegaard Emborg B; From the University of Liverpool (C.G., R.C., E.C., L.P., P.R.W.) and Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust (S.M.), Liverpool, Royal Hospital for Sick Children (G.C., N.L.) and the University of Edinburgh (F.M.), Edinburgh, Northern and Yorkshire Regional Cleft Lip and Palate Service (S.C.) and Leeds General Infirmary (C.L.), Leeds, Cleft Care Scotland, Glasgow (L.C.), Bristol Dental Hospital, Bristol (L.A.), the University of Manchester (J.C.-S., A.E.-A., G.S., K.M., T.W., W.S.) and Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust (M.B., K.P.), Manchester, Birmingham Children's Hospital (B.F.) and Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust (I.U.), Birmingham, Salisbury District Hospital, Salisbury (G.P.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne (L.R., S.E.), and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (L.S.) - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Gothenburg (C.P.) and Sahlgrenska University Hospital (C.H.), Gothenburg, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala (M.A., E.L.), Linköping University Hospital, Linköping (P.B., A.-S.B.T.), Umeå University (K.B.) and Norrlands University Hospital (J.E.W.), Umeå, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö (K.K., M.S.), Karolinska Institutet, Solna (A.L., J.N.), and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (L.R.W.) - all in Sweden; the University of Copenhagen (E.W., L.D.J.) and Copenhagen Cleft Palate Center (H.S.A., L.D.J.), Copenhagen, and the Cleft Palate Center, Aarhus (B.K.E., L.L., J.B.N.) - all in Denmark; the University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil (M.Z.A., A.P.F., C.G.A.B.G., H.C.M., S.H.A.P.-P., I.E.K.T., R.P.Y.); and Statped (R.A., A.K.H., M.B.K., J.L.) and Statped Sørøst (M.M.), Oslo, and Statped Vest, Bergen (N.-H.P., J.T.) - all in Norway., Enfält Wikman J; From the University of Liverpool (C.G., R.C., E.C., L.P., P.R.W.) and Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust (S.M.), Liverpool, Royal Hospital for Sick Children (G.C., N.L.) and the University of Edinburgh (F.M.), Edinburgh, Northern and Yorkshire Regional Cleft Lip and Palate Service (S.C.) and Leeds General Infirmary (C.L.), Leeds, Cleft Care Scotland, Glasgow (L.C.), Bristol Dental Hospital, Bristol (L.A.), the University of Manchester (J.C.-S., A.E.-A., G.S., K.M., T.W., W.S.) and Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust (M.B., K.P.), Manchester, Birmingham Children's Hospital (B.F.) and Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust (I.U.), Birmingham, Salisbury District Hospital, Salisbury (G.P.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne (L.R., S.E.), and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (L.S.) - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Gothenburg (C.P.) and Sahlgrenska University Hospital (C.H.), Gothenburg, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala (M.A., E.L.), Linköping University Hospital, Linköping (P.B., A.-S.B.T.), Umeå University (K.B.) and Norrlands University Hospital (J.E.W.), Umeå, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö (K.K., M.S.), Karolinska Institutet, Solna (A.L., J.N.), and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (L.R.W.) - all in Sweden; the University of Copenhagen (E.W., L.D.J.) and Copenhagen Cleft Palate Center (H.S.A., L.D.J.), Copenhagen, and the Cleft Palate Center, Aarhus (B.K.E., L.L., J.B.N.) - all in Denmark; the University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil (M.Z.A., A.P.F., C.G.A.B.G., H.C.M., S.H.A.P.-P., I.E.K.T., R.P.Y.); and Statped (R.A., A.K.H., M.B.K., J.L.) and Statped Sørøst (M.M.), Oslo, and Statped Vest, Bergen (N.-H.P., J.T.) - all in Norway., Fitzpatrick B; From the University of Liverpool (C.G., R.C., E.C., L.P., P.R.W.) and Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust (S.M.), Liverpool, Royal Hospital for Sick Children (G.C., N.L.) and the University of Edinburgh (F.M.), Edinburgh, Northern and Yorkshire Regional Cleft Lip and Palate Service (S.C.) and Leeds General Infirmary (C.L.), Leeds, Cleft Care Scotland, Glasgow (L.C.), Bristol Dental Hospital, Bristol (L.A.), the University of Manchester (J.C.-S., A.E.-A., G.S., K.M., T.W., W.S.) and Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust (M.B., K.P.), Manchester, Birmingham Children's Hospital (B.F.) and Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust (I.U.), Birmingham, Salisbury District Hospital, Salisbury (G.P.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne (L.R., S.E.), and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (L.S.) - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Gothenburg (C.P.) and Sahlgrenska University Hospital (C.H.), Gothenburg, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala (M.A., E.L.), Linköping University Hospital, Linköping (P.B., A.-S.B.T.), Umeå University (K.B.) and Norrlands University Hospital (J.E.W.), Umeå, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö (K.K., M.S.), Karolinska Institutet, Solna (A.L., J.N.), and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (L.R.W.) - all in Sweden; the University of Copenhagen (E.W., L.D.J.) and Copenhagen Cleft Palate Center (H.S.A., L.D.J.), Copenhagen, and the Cleft Palate Center, Aarhus (B.K.E., L.L., J.B.N.) - all in Denmark; the University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil (M.Z.A., A.P.F., C.G.A.B.G., H.C.M., S.H.A.P.-P., I.E.K.T., R.P.Y.); and Statped (R.A., A.K.H., M.B.K., J.L.) and Statped Sørøst (M.M.), Oslo, and Statped Vest, Bergen (N.-H.P., J.T.) - all in Norway., Fukushiro AP; From the University of Liverpool (C.G., R.C., E.C., L.P., P.R.W.) and Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust (S.M.), Liverpool, Royal Hospital for Sick Children (G.C., N.L.) and the University of Edinburgh (F.M.), Edinburgh, Northern and Yorkshire Regional Cleft Lip and Palate Service (S.C.) and Leeds General Infirmary (C.L.), Leeds, Cleft Care Scotland, Glasgow (L.C.), Bristol Dental Hospital, Bristol (L.A.), the University of Manchester (J.C.-S., A.E.-A., G.S., K.M., T.W., W.S.) and Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust (M.B., K.P.), Manchester, Birmingham Children's Hospital (B.F.) and Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust (I.U.), Birmingham, Salisbury District Hospital, Salisbury (G.P.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne (L.R., S.E.), and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (L.S.) - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Gothenburg (C.P.) and Sahlgrenska University Hospital (C.H.), Gothenburg, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala (M.A., E.L.), Linköping University Hospital, Linköping (P.B., A.-S.B.T.), Umeå University (K.B.) and Norrlands University Hospital (J.E.W.), Umeå, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö (K.K., M.S.), Karolinska Institutet, Solna (A.L., J.N.), and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (L.R.W.) - all in Sweden; the University of Copenhagen (E.W., L.D.J.) and Copenhagen Cleft Palate Center (H.S.A., L.D.J.), Copenhagen, and the Cleft Palate Center, Aarhus (B.K.E., L.L., J.B.N.) - all in Denmark; the University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil (M.Z.A., A.P.F., C.G.A.B.G., H.C.M., S.H.A.P.-P., I.E.K.T., R.P.Y.); and Statped (R.A., A.K.H., M.B.K., J.L.) and Statped Sørøst (M.M.), Oslo, and Statped Vest, Bergen (N.-H.P., J.T.) - all in Norway., Guedes de Azevedo Bento Gonçalves C; From the University of Liverpool (C.G., R.C., E.C., L.P., P.R.W.) and Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust (S.M.), Liverpool, Royal Hospital for Sick Children (G.C., N.L.) and the University of Edinburgh (F.M.), Edinburgh, Northern and Yorkshire Regional Cleft Lip and Palate Service (S.C.) and Leeds General Infirmary (C.L.), Leeds, Cleft Care Scotland, Glasgow (L.C.), Bristol Dental Hospital, Bristol (L.A.), the University of Manchester (J.C.-S., A.E.-A., G.S., K.M., T.W., W.S.) and Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust (M.B., K.P.), Manchester, Birmingham Children's Hospital (B.F.) and Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust (I.U.), Birmingham, Salisbury District Hospital, Salisbury (G.P.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne (L.R., S.E.), and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (L.S.) - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Gothenburg (C.P.) and Sahlgrenska University Hospital (C.H.), Gothenburg, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala (M.A., E.L.), Linköping University Hospital, Linköping (P.B., A.-S.B.T.), Umeå University (K.B.) and Norrlands University Hospital (J.E.W.), Umeå, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö (K.K., M.S.), Karolinska Institutet, Solna (A.L., J.N.), and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (L.R.W.) - all in Sweden; the University of Copenhagen (E.W., L.D.J.) and Copenhagen Cleft Palate Center (H.S.A., L.D.J.), Copenhagen, and the Cleft Palate Center, Aarhus (B.K.E., L.L., J.B.N.) - all in Denmark; the University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil (M.Z.A., A.P.F., C.G.A.B.G., H.C.M., S.H.A.P.-P., I.E.K.T., R.P.Y.); and Statped (R.A., A.K.H., M.B.K., J.L.) and Statped Sørøst (M.M.), Oslo, and Statped Vest, Bergen (N.-H.P., J.T.) - all in Norway., Havstam C; From the University of Liverpool (C.G., R.C., E.C., L.P., P.R.W.) and Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust (S.M.), Liverpool, Royal Hospital for Sick Children (G.C., N.L.) and the University of Edinburgh (F.M.), Edinburgh, Northern and Yorkshire Regional Cleft Lip and Palate Service (S.C.) and Leeds General Infirmary (C.L.), Leeds, Cleft Care Scotland, Glasgow (L.C.), Bristol Dental Hospital, Bristol (L.A.), the University of Manchester (J.C.-S., A.E.-A., G.S., K.M., T.W., W.S.) and Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust (M.B., K.P.), Manchester, Birmingham Children's Hospital (B.F.) and Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust (I.U.), Birmingham, Salisbury District Hospital, Salisbury (G.P.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne (L.R., S.E.), and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (L.S.) - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Gothenburg (C.P.) and Sahlgrenska University Hospital (C.H.), Gothenburg, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala (M.A., E.L.), Linköping University Hospital, Linköping (P.B., A.-S.B.T.), Umeå University (K.B.) and Norrlands University Hospital (J.E.W.), Umeå, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö (K.K., M.S.), Karolinska Institutet, Solna (A.L., J.N.), and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (L.R.W.) - all in Sweden; the University of Copenhagen (E.W., L.D.J.) and Copenhagen Cleft Palate Center (H.S.A., L.D.J.), Copenhagen, and the Cleft Palate Center, Aarhus (B.K.E., L.L., J.B.N.) - all in Denmark; the University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil (M.Z.A., A.P.F., C.G.A.B.G., H.C.M., S.H.A.P.-P., I.E.K.T., R.P.Y.); and Statped (R.A., A.K.H., M.B.K., J.L.) and Statped Sørøst (M.M.), Oslo, and Statped Vest, Bergen (N.-H.P., J.T.) - all in Norway., Hvistendahl AK; From the University of Liverpool (C.G., R.C., E.C., L.P., P.R.W.) and Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust (S.M.), Liverpool, Royal Hospital for Sick Children (G.C., N.L.) and the University of Edinburgh (F.M.), Edinburgh, Northern and Yorkshire Regional Cleft Lip and Palate Service (S.C.) and Leeds General Infirmary (C.L.), Leeds, Cleft Care Scotland, Glasgow (L.C.), Bristol Dental Hospital, Bristol (L.A.), the University of Manchester (J.C.-S., A.E.-A., G.S., K.M., T.W., W.S.) and Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust (M.B., K.P.), Manchester, Birmingham Children's Hospital (B.F.) and Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust (I.U.), Birmingham, Salisbury District Hospital, Salisbury (G.P.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne (L.R., S.E.), and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (L.S.) - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Gothenburg (C.P.) and Sahlgrenska University Hospital (C.H.), Gothenburg, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala (M.A., E.L.), Linköping University Hospital, Linköping (P.B., A.-S.B.T.), Umeå University (K.B.) and Norrlands University Hospital (J.E.W.), Umeå, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö (K.K., M.S.), Karolinska Institutet, Solna (A.L., J.N.), and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (L.R.W.) - all in Sweden; the University of Copenhagen (E.W., L.D.J.) and Copenhagen Cleft Palate Center (H.S.A., L.D.J.), Copenhagen, and the Cleft Palate Center, Aarhus (B.K.E., L.L., J.B.N.) - all in Denmark; the University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil (M.Z.A., A.P.F., C.G.A.B.G., H.C.M., S.H.A.P.-P., I.E.K.T., R.P.Y.); and Statped (R.A., A.K.H., M.B.K., J.L.) and Statped Sørøst (M.M.), Oslo, and Statped Vest, Bergen (N.-H.P., J.T.) - all in Norway., Jorgensen LD; From the University of Liverpool (C.G., R.C., E.C., L.P., P.R.W.) and Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust (S.M.), Liverpool, Royal Hospital for Sick Children (G.C., N.L.) and the University of Edinburgh (F.M.), Edinburgh, Northern and Yorkshire Regional Cleft Lip and Palate Service (S.C.) and Leeds General Infirmary (C.L.), Leeds, Cleft Care Scotland, Glasgow (L.C.), Bristol Dental Hospital, Bristol (L.A.), the University of Manchester (J.C.-S., A.E.-A., G.S., K.M., T.W., W.S.) and Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust (M.B., K.P.), Manchester, Birmingham Children's Hospital (B.F.) and Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust (I.U.), Birmingham, Salisbury District Hospital, Salisbury (G.P.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne (L.R., S.E.), and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (L.S.) - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Gothenburg (C.P.) and Sahlgrenska University Hospital (C.H.), Gothenburg, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala (M.A., E.L.), Linköping University Hospital, Linköping (P.B., A.-S.B.T.), Umeå University (K.B.) and Norrlands University Hospital (J.E.W.), Umeå, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö (K.K., M.S.), Karolinska Institutet, Solna (A.L., J.N.), and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (L.R.W.) - all in Sweden; the University of Copenhagen (E.W., L.D.J.) and Copenhagen Cleft Palate Center (H.S.A., L.D.J.), Copenhagen, and the Cleft Palate Center, Aarhus (B.K.E., L.L., J.B.N.) - all in Denmark; the University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil (M.Z.A., A.P.F., C.G.A.B.G., H.C.M., S.H.A.P.-P., I.E.K.T., R.P.Y.); and Statped (R.A., A.K.H., M.B.K., J.L.) and Statped Sørøst (M.M.), Oslo, and Statped Vest, Bergen (N.-H.P., J.T.) - all in Norway., Klinto K; From the University of Liverpool (C.G., R.C., E.C., L.P., P.R.W.) and Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust (S.M.), Liverpool, Royal Hospital for Sick Children (G.C., N.L.) and the University of Edinburgh (F.M.), Edinburgh, Northern and Yorkshire Regional Cleft Lip and Palate Service (S.C.) and Leeds General Infirmary (C.L.), Leeds, Cleft Care Scotland, Glasgow (L.C.), Bristol Dental Hospital, Bristol (L.A.), the University of Manchester (J.C.-S., A.E.-A., G.S., K.M., T.W., W.S.) and Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust (M.B., K.P.), Manchester, Birmingham Children's Hospital (B.F.) and Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust (I.U.), Birmingham, Salisbury District Hospital, Salisbury (G.P.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne (L.R., S.E.), and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (L.S.) - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Gothenburg (C.P.) and Sahlgrenska University Hospital (C.H.), Gothenburg, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala (M.A., E.L.), Linköping University Hospital, Linköping (P.B., A.-S.B.T.), Umeå University (K.B.) and Norrlands University Hospital (J.E.W.), Umeå, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö (K.K., M.S.), Karolinska Institutet, Solna (A.L., J.N.), and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (L.R.W.) - all in Sweden; the University of Copenhagen (E.W., L.D.J.) and Copenhagen Cleft Palate Center (H.S.A., L.D.J.), Copenhagen, and the Cleft Palate Center, Aarhus (B.K.E., L.L., J.B.N.) - all in Denmark; the University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil (M.Z.A., A.P.F., C.G.A.B.G., H.C.M., S.H.A.P.-P., I.E.K.T., R.P.Y.); and Statped (R.A., A.K.H., M.B.K., J.L.) and Statped Sørøst (M.M.), Oslo, and Statped Vest, Bergen (N.-H.P., J.T.) - all in Norway., Berntsen Kvinnsland M; From the University of Liverpool (C.G., R.C., E.C., L.P., P.R.W.) and Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust (S.M.), Liverpool, Royal Hospital for Sick Children (G.C., N.L.) and the University of Edinburgh (F.M.), Edinburgh, Northern and Yorkshire Regional Cleft Lip and Palate Service (S.C.) and Leeds General Infirmary (C.L.), Leeds, Cleft Care Scotland, Glasgow (L.C.), Bristol Dental Hospital, Bristol (L.A.), the University of Manchester (J.C.-S., A.E.-A., G.S., K.M., T.W., W.S.) and Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust (M.B., K.P.), Manchester, Birmingham Children's Hospital (B.F.) and Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust (I.U.), Birmingham, Salisbury District Hospital, Salisbury (G.P.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne (L.R., S.E.), and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (L.S.) - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Gothenburg (C.P.) and Sahlgrenska University Hospital (C.H.), Gothenburg, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala (M.A., E.L.), Linköping University Hospital, Linköping (P.B., A.-S.B.T.), Umeå University (K.B.) and Norrlands University Hospital (J.E.W.), Umeå, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö (K.K., M.S.), Karolinska Institutet, Solna (A.L., J.N.), and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (L.R.W.) - all in Sweden; the University of Copenhagen (E.W., L.D.J.) and Copenhagen Cleft Palate Center (H.S.A., L.D.J.), Copenhagen, and the Cleft Palate Center, Aarhus (B.K.E., L.L., J.B.N.) - all in Denmark; the University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil (M.Z.A., A.P.F., C.G.A.B.G., H.C.M., S.H.A.P.-P., I.E.K.T., R.P.Y.); and Statped (R.A., A.K.H., M.B.K., J.L.) and Statped Sørøst (M.M.), Oslo, and Statped Vest, Bergen (N.-H.P., J.T.) - all in Norway., Larham C; From the University of Liverpool (C.G., R.C., E.C., L.P., P.R.W.) and Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust (S.M.), Liverpool, Royal Hospital for Sick Children (G.C., N.L.) and the University of Edinburgh (F.M.), Edinburgh, Northern and Yorkshire Regional Cleft Lip and Palate Service (S.C.) and Leeds General Infirmary (C.L.), Leeds, Cleft Care Scotland, Glasgow (L.C.), Bristol Dental Hospital, Bristol (L.A.), the University of Manchester (J.C.-S., A.E.-A., G.S., K.M., T.W., W.S.) and Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust (M.B., K.P.), Manchester, Birmingham Children's Hospital (B.F.) and Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust (I.U.), Birmingham, Salisbury District Hospital, Salisbury (G.P.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne (L.R., S.E.), and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (L.S.) - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Gothenburg (C.P.) and Sahlgrenska University Hospital (C.H.), Gothenburg, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala (M.A., E.L.), Linköping University Hospital, Linköping (P.B., A.-S.B.T.), Umeå University (K.B.) and Norrlands University Hospital (J.E.W.), Umeå, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö (K.K., M.S.), Karolinska Institutet, Solna (A.L., J.N.), and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (L.R.W.) - all in Sweden; the University of Copenhagen (E.W., L.D.J.) and Copenhagen Cleft Palate Center (H.S.A., L.D.J.), Copenhagen, and the Cleft Palate Center, Aarhus (B.K.E., L.L., J.B.N.) - all in Denmark; the University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil (M.Z.A., A.P.F., C.G.A.B.G., H.C.M., S.H.A.P.-P., I.E.K.T., R.P.Y.); and Statped (R.A., A.K.H., M.B.K., J.L.) and Statped Sørøst (M.M.), Oslo, and Statped Vest, Bergen (N.-H.P., J.T.) - all in Norway., Lemvik J; From the University of Liverpool (C.G., R.C., E.C., L.P., P.R.W.) and Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust (S.M.), Liverpool, Royal Hospital for Sick Children (G.C., N.L.) and the University of Edinburgh (F.M.), Edinburgh, Northern and Yorkshire Regional Cleft Lip and Palate Service (S.C.) and Leeds General Infirmary (C.L.), Leeds, Cleft Care Scotland, Glasgow (L.C.), Bristol Dental Hospital, Bristol (L.A.), the University of Manchester (J.C.-S., A.E.-A., G.S., K.M., T.W., W.S.) and Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust (M.B., K.P.), Manchester, Birmingham Children's Hospital (B.F.) and Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust (I.U.), Birmingham, Salisbury District Hospital, Salisbury (G.P.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne (L.R., S.E.), and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (L.S.) - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Gothenburg (C.P.) and Sahlgrenska University Hospital (C.H.), Gothenburg, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala (M.A., E.L.), Linköping University Hospital, Linköping (P.B., A.-S.B.T.), Umeå University (K.B.) and Norrlands University Hospital (J.E.W.), Umeå, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö (K.K., M.S.), Karolinska Institutet, Solna (A.L., J.N.), and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (L.R.W.) - all in Sweden; the University of Copenhagen (E.W., L.D.J.) and Copenhagen Cleft Palate Center (H.S.A., L.D.J.), Copenhagen, and the Cleft Palate Center, Aarhus (B.K.E., L.L., J.B.N.) - all in Denmark; the University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil (M.Z.A., A.P.F., C.G.A.B.G., H.C.M., S.H.A.P.-P., I.E.K.T., R.P.Y.); and Statped (R.A., A.K.H., M.B.K., J.L.) and Statped Sørøst (M.M.), Oslo, and Statped Vest, Bergen (N.-H.P., J.T.) - all in Norway., Leturgie L; From the University of Liverpool (C.G., R.C., E.C., L.P., P.R.W.) and Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust (S.M.), Liverpool, Royal Hospital for Sick Children (G.C., N.L.) and the University of Edinburgh (F.M.), Edinburgh, Northern and Yorkshire Regional Cleft Lip and Palate Service (S.C.) and Leeds General Infirmary (C.L.), Leeds, Cleft Care Scotland, Glasgow (L.C.), Bristol Dental Hospital, Bristol (L.A.), the University of Manchester (J.C.-S., A.E.-A., G.S., K.M., T.W., W.S.) and Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust (M.B., K.P.), Manchester, Birmingham Children's Hospital (B.F.) and Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust (I.U.), Birmingham, Salisbury District Hospital, Salisbury (G.P.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne (L.R., S.E.), and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (L.S.) - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Gothenburg (C.P.) and Sahlgrenska University Hospital (C.H.), Gothenburg, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala (M.A., E.L.), Linköping University Hospital, Linköping (P.B., A.-S.B.T.), Umeå University (K.B.) and Norrlands University Hospital (J.E.W.), Umeå, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö (K.K., M.S.), Karolinska Institutet, Solna (A.L., J.N.), and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (L.R.W.) - all in Sweden; the University of Copenhagen (E.W., L.D.J.) and Copenhagen Cleft Palate Center (H.S.A., L.D.J.), Copenhagen, and the Cleft Palate Center, Aarhus (B.K.E., L.L., J.B.N.) - all in Denmark; the University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil (M.Z.A., A.P.F., C.G.A.B.G., H.C.M., S.H.A.P.-P., I.E.K.T., R.P.Y.); and Statped (R.A., A.K.H., M.B.K., J.L.) and Statped Sørøst (M.M.), Oslo, and Statped Vest, Bergen (N.-H.P., J.T.) - all in Norway., Liljerehn E; From the University of Liverpool (C.G., R.C., E.C., L.P., P.R.W.) and Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust (S.M.), Liverpool, Royal Hospital for Sick Children (G.C., N.L.) and the University of Edinburgh (F.M.), Edinburgh, Northern and Yorkshire Regional Cleft Lip and Palate Service (S.C.) and Leeds General Infirmary (C.L.), Leeds, Cleft Care Scotland, Glasgow (L.C.), Bristol Dental Hospital, Bristol (L.A.), the University of Manchester (J.C.-S., A.E.-A., G.S., K.M., T.W., W.S.) and Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust (M.B., K.P.), Manchester, Birmingham Children's Hospital (B.F.) and Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust (I.U.), Birmingham, Salisbury District Hospital, Salisbury (G.P.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne (L.R., S.E.), and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (L.S.) - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Gothenburg (C.P.) and Sahlgrenska University Hospital (C.H.), Gothenburg, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala (M.A., E.L.), Linköping University Hospital, Linköping (P.B., A.-S.B.T.), Umeå University (K.B.) and Norrlands University Hospital (J.E.W.), Umeå, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö (K.K., M.S.), Karolinska Institutet, Solna (A.L., J.N.), and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (L.R.W.) - all in Sweden; the University of Copenhagen (E.W., L.D.J.) and Copenhagen Cleft Palate Center (H.S.A., L.D.J.), Copenhagen, and the Cleft Palate Center, Aarhus (B.K.E., L.L., J.B.N.) - all in Denmark; the University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil (M.Z.A., A.P.F., C.G.A.B.G., H.C.M., S.H.A.P.-P., I.E.K.T., R.P.Y.); and Statped (R.A., A.K.H., M.B.K., J.L.) and Statped Sørøst (M.M.), Oslo, and Statped Vest, Bergen (N.-H.P., J.T.) - all in Norway., Lodge N; From the University of Liverpool (C.G., R.C., E.C., L.P., P.R.W.) and Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust (S.M.), Liverpool, Royal Hospital for Sick Children (G.C., N.L.) and the University of Edinburgh (F.M.), Edinburgh, Northern and Yorkshire Regional Cleft Lip and Palate Service (S.C.) and Leeds General Infirmary (C.L.), Leeds, Cleft Care Scotland, Glasgow (L.C.), Bristol Dental Hospital, Bristol (L.A.), the University of Manchester (J.C.-S., A.E.-A., G.S., K.M., T.W., W.S.) and Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust (M.B., K.P.), Manchester, Birmingham Children's Hospital (B.F.) and Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust (I.U.), Birmingham, Salisbury District Hospital, Salisbury (G.P.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne (L.R., S.E.), and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (L.S.) - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Gothenburg (C.P.) and Sahlgrenska University Hospital (C.H.), Gothenburg, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala (M.A., E.L.), Linköping University Hospital, Linköping (P.B., A.-S.B.T.), Umeå University (K.B.) and Norrlands University Hospital (J.E.W.), Umeå, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö (K.K., M.S.), Karolinska Institutet, Solna (A.L., J.N.), and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (L.R.W.) - all in Sweden; the University of Copenhagen (E.W., L.D.J.) and Copenhagen Cleft Palate Center (H.S.A., L.D.J.), Copenhagen, and the Cleft Palate Center, Aarhus (B.K.E., L.L., J.B.N.) - all in Denmark; the University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil (M.Z.A., A.P.F., C.G.A.B.G., H.C.M., S.H.A.P.-P., I.E.K.T., R.P.Y.); and Statped (R.A., A.K.H., M.B.K., J.L.) and Statped Sørøst (M.M.), Oslo, and Statped Vest, Bergen (N.-H.P., J.T.) - all in Norway., Lohmander A; From the University of Liverpool (C.G., R.C., E.C., L.P., P.R.W.) and Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust (S.M.), Liverpool, Royal Hospital for Sick Children (G.C., N.L.) and the University of Edinburgh (F.M.), Edinburgh, Northern and Yorkshire Regional Cleft Lip and Palate Service (S.C.) and Leeds General Infirmary (C.L.), Leeds, Cleft Care Scotland, Glasgow (L.C.), Bristol Dental Hospital, Bristol (L.A.), the University of Manchester (J.C.-S., A.E.-A., G.S., K.M., T.W., W.S.) and Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust (M.B., K.P.), Manchester, Birmingham Children's Hospital (B.F.) and Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust (I.U.), Birmingham, Salisbury District Hospital, Salisbury (G.P.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne (L.R., S.E.), and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (L.S.) - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Gothenburg (C.P.) and Sahlgrenska University Hospital (C.H.), Gothenburg, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala (M.A., E.L.), Linköping University Hospital, Linköping (P.B., A.-S.B.T.), Umeå University (K.B.) and Norrlands University Hospital (J.E.W.), Umeå, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö (K.K., M.S.), Karolinska Institutet, Solna (A.L., J.N.), and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (L.R.W.) - all in Sweden; the University of Copenhagen (E.W., L.D.J.) and Copenhagen Cleft Palate Center (H.S.A., L.D.J.), Copenhagen, and the Cleft Palate Center, Aarhus (B.K.E., L.L., J.B.N.) - all in Denmark; the University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil (M.Z.A., A.P.F., C.G.A.B.G., H.C.M., S.H.A.P.-P., I.E.K.T., R.P.Y.); and Statped (R.A., A.K.H., M.B.K., J.L.) and Statped Sørøst (M.M.), Oslo, and Statped Vest, Bergen (N.-H.P., J.T.) - all in Norway., McMahon S; From the University of Liverpool (C.G., R.C., E.C., L.P., P.R.W.) and Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust (S.M.), Liverpool, Royal Hospital for Sick Children (G.C., N.L.) and the University of Edinburgh (F.M.), Edinburgh, Northern and Yorkshire Regional Cleft Lip and Palate Service (S.C.) and Leeds General Infirmary (C.L.), Leeds, Cleft Care Scotland, Glasgow (L.C.), Bristol Dental Hospital, Bristol (L.A.), the University of Manchester (J.C.-S., A.E.-A., G.S., K.M., T.W., W.S.) and Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust (M.B., K.P.), Manchester, Birmingham Children's Hospital (B.F.) and Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust (I.U.), Birmingham, Salisbury District Hospital, Salisbury (G.P.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne (L.R., S.E.), and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (L.S.) - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Gothenburg (C.P.) and Sahlgrenska University Hospital (C.H.), Gothenburg, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala (M.A., E.L.), Linköping University Hospital, Linköping (P.B., A.-S.B.T.), Umeå University (K.B.) and Norrlands University Hospital (J.E.W.), Umeå, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö (K.K., M.S.), Karolinska Institutet, Solna (A.L., J.N.), and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (L.R.W.) - all in Sweden; the University of Copenhagen (E.W., L.D.J.) and Copenhagen Cleft Palate Center (H.S.A., L.D.J.), Copenhagen, and the Cleft Palate Center, Aarhus (B.K.E., L.L., J.B.N.) - all in Denmark; the University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil (M.Z.A., A.P.F., C.G.A.B.G., H.C.M., S.H.A.P.-P., I.E.K.T., R.P.Y.); and Statped (R.A., A.K.H., M.B.K., J.L.) and Statped Sørøst (M.M.), Oslo, and Statped Vest, Bergen (N.-H.P., J.T.) - all in Norway., Mehendale F; From the University of Liverpool (C.G., R.C., E.C., L.P., P.R.W.) and Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust (S.M.), Liverpool, Royal Hospital for Sick Children (G.C., N.L.) and the University of Edinburgh (F.M.), Edinburgh, Northern and Yorkshire Regional Cleft Lip and Palate Service (S.C.) and Leeds General Infirmary (C.L.), Leeds, Cleft Care Scotland, Glasgow (L.C.), Bristol Dental Hospital, Bristol (L.A.), the University of Manchester (J.C.-S., A.E.-A., G.S., K.M., T.W., W.S.) and Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust (M.B., K.P.), Manchester, Birmingham Children's Hospital (B.F.) and Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust (I.U.), Birmingham, Salisbury District Hospital, Salisbury (G.P.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne (L.R., S.E.), and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (L.S.) - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Gothenburg (C.P.) and Sahlgrenska University Hospital (C.H.), Gothenburg, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala (M.A., E.L.), Linköping University Hospital, Linköping (P.B., A.-S.B.T.), Umeå University (K.B.) and Norrlands University Hospital (J.E.W.), Umeå, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö (K.K., M.S.), Karolinska Institutet, Solna (A.L., J.N.), and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (L.R.W.) - all in Sweden; the University of Copenhagen (E.W., L.D.J.) and Copenhagen Cleft Palate Center (H.S.A., L.D.J.), Copenhagen, and the Cleft Palate Center, Aarhus (B.K.E., L.L., J.B.N.) - all in Denmark; the University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil (M.Z.A., A.P.F., C.G.A.B.G., H.C.M., S.H.A.P.-P., I.E.K.T., R.P.Y.); and Statped (R.A., A.K.H., M.B.K., J.L.) and Statped Sørøst (M.M.), Oslo, and Statped Vest, Bergen (N.-H.P., J.T.) - all in Norway., Miguel HC; From the University of Liverpool (C.G., R.C., E.C., L.P., P.R.W.) and Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust (S.M.), Liverpool, Royal Hospital for Sick Children (G.C., N.L.) and the University of Edinburgh (F.M.), Edinburgh, Northern and Yorkshire Regional Cleft Lip and Palate Service (S.C.) and Leeds General Infirmary (C.L.), Leeds, Cleft Care Scotland, Glasgow (L.C.), Bristol Dental Hospital, Bristol (L.A.), the University of Manchester (J.C.-S., A.E.-A., G.S., K.M., T.W., W.S.) and Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust (M.B., K.P.), Manchester, Birmingham Children's Hospital (B.F.) and Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust (I.U.), Birmingham, Salisbury District Hospital, Salisbury (G.P.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne (L.R., S.E.), and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (L.S.) - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Gothenburg (C.P.) and Sahlgrenska University Hospital (C.H.), Gothenburg, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala (M.A., E.L.), Linköping University Hospital, Linköping (P.B., A.-S.B.T.), Umeå University (K.B.) and Norrlands University Hospital (J.E.W.), Umeå, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö (K.K., M.S.), Karolinska Institutet, Solna (A.L., J.N.), and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (L.R.W.) - all in Sweden; the University of Copenhagen (E.W., L.D.J.) and Copenhagen Cleft Palate Center (H.S.A., L.D.J.), Copenhagen, and the Cleft Palate Center, Aarhus (B.K.E., L.L., J.B.N.) - all in Denmark; the University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil (M.Z.A., A.P.F., C.G.A.B.G., H.C.M., S.H.A.P.-P., I.E.K.T., R.P.Y.); and Statped (R.A., A.K.H., M.B.K., J.L.) and Statped Sørøst (M.M.), Oslo, and Statped Vest, Bergen (N.-H.P., J.T.) - all in Norway., Moe M; From the University of Liverpool (C.G., R.C., E.C., L.P., P.R.W.) and Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust (S.M.), Liverpool, Royal Hospital for Sick Children (G.C., N.L.) and the University of Edinburgh (F.M.), Edinburgh, Northern and Yorkshire Regional Cleft Lip and Palate Service (S.C.) and Leeds General Infirmary (C.L.), Leeds, Cleft Care Scotland, Glasgow (L.C.), Bristol Dental Hospital, Bristol (L.A.), the University of Manchester (J.C.-S., A.E.-A., G.S., K.M., T.W., W.S.) and Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust (M.B., K.P.), Manchester, Birmingham Children's Hospital (B.F.) and Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust (I.U.), Birmingham, Salisbury District Hospital, Salisbury (G.P.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne (L.R., S.E.), and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (L.S.) - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Gothenburg (C.P.) and Sahlgrenska University Hospital (C.H.), Gothenburg, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala (M.A., E.L.), Linköping University Hospital, Linköping (P.B., A.-S.B.T.), Umeå University (K.B.) and Norrlands University Hospital (J.E.W.), Umeå, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö (K.K., M.S.), Karolinska Institutet, Solna (A.L., J.N.), and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (L.R.W.) - all in Sweden; the University of Copenhagen (E.W., L.D.J.) and Copenhagen Cleft Palate Center (H.S.A., L.D.J.), Copenhagen, and the Cleft Palate Center, Aarhus (B.K.E., L.L., J.B.N.) - all in Denmark; the University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil (M.Z.A., A.P.F., C.G.A.B.G., H.C.M., S.H.A.P.-P., I.E.K.T., R.P.Y.); and Statped (R.A., A.K.H., M.B.K., J.L.) and Statped Sørøst (M.M.), Oslo, and Statped Vest, Bergen (N.-H.P., J.T.) - all in Norway., Nielsen JB; From the University of Liverpool (C.G., R.C., E.C., L.P., P.R.W.) and Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust (S.M.), Liverpool, Royal Hospital for Sick Children (G.C., N.L.) and the University of Edinburgh (F.M.), Edinburgh, Northern and Yorkshire Regional Cleft Lip and Palate Service (S.C.) and Leeds General Infirmary (C.L.), Leeds, Cleft Care Scotland, Glasgow (L.C.), Bristol Dental Hospital, Bristol (L.A.), the University of Manchester (J.C.-S., A.E.-A., G.S., K.M., T.W., W.S.) and Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust (M.B., K.P.), Manchester, Birmingham Children's Hospital (B.F.) and Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust (I.U.), Birmingham, Salisbury District Hospital, Salisbury (G.P.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne (L.R., S.E.), and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (L.S.) - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Gothenburg (C.P.) and Sahlgrenska University Hospital (C.H.), Gothenburg, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala (M.A., E.L.), Linköping University Hospital, Linköping (P.B., A.-S.B.T.), Umeå University (K.B.) and Norrlands University Hospital (J.E.W.), Umeå, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö (K.K., M.S.), Karolinska Institutet, Solna (A.L., J.N.), and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (L.R.W.) - all in Sweden; the University of Copenhagen (E.W., L.D.J.) and Copenhagen Cleft Palate Center (H.S.A., L.D.J.), Copenhagen, and the Cleft Palate Center, Aarhus (B.K.E., L.L., J.B.N.) - all in Denmark; the University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil (M.Z.A., A.P.F., C.G.A.B.G., H.C.M., S.H.A.P.-P., I.E.K.T., R.P.Y.); and Statped (R.A., A.K.H., M.B.K., J.L.) and Statped Sørøst (M.M.), Oslo, and Statped Vest, Bergen (N.-H.P., J.T.) - all in Norway., Nyberg J; From the University of Liverpool (C.G., R.C., E.C., L.P., P.R.W.) and Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust (S.M.), Liverpool, Royal Hospital for Sick Children (G.C., N.L.) and the University of Edinburgh (F.M.), Edinburgh, Northern and Yorkshire Regional Cleft Lip and Palate Service (S.C.) and Leeds General Infirmary (C.L.), Leeds, Cleft Care Scotland, Glasgow (L.C.), Bristol Dental Hospital, Bristol (L.A.), the University of Manchester (J.C.-S., A.E.-A., G.S., K.M., T.W., W.S.) and Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust (M.B., K.P.), Manchester, Birmingham Children's Hospital (B.F.) and Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust (I.U.), Birmingham, Salisbury District Hospital, Salisbury (G.P.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne (L.R., S.E.), and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (L.S.) - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Gothenburg (C.P.) and Sahlgrenska University Hospital (C.H.), Gothenburg, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala (M.A., E.L.), Linköping University Hospital, Linköping (P.B., A.-S.B.T.), Umeå University (K.B.) and Norrlands University Hospital (J.E.W.), Umeå, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö (K.K., M.S.), Karolinska Institutet, Solna (A.L., J.N.), and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (L.R.W.) - all in Sweden; the University of Copenhagen (E.W., L.D.J.) and Copenhagen Cleft Palate Center (H.S.A., L.D.J.), Copenhagen, and the Cleft Palate Center, Aarhus (B.K.E., L.L., J.B.N.) - all in Denmark; the University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil (M.Z.A., A.P.F., C.G.A.B.G., H.C.M., S.H.A.P.-P., I.E.K.T., R.P.Y.); and Statped (R.A., A.K.H., M.B.K., J.L.) and Statped Sørøst (M.M.), Oslo, and Statped Vest, Bergen (N.-H.P., J.T.) - all in Norway., Pedersen NH; From the University of Liverpool (C.G., R.C., E.C., L.P., P.R.W.) and Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust (S.M.), Liverpool, Royal Hospital for Sick Children (G.C., N.L.) and the University of Edinburgh (F.M.), Edinburgh, Northern and Yorkshire Regional Cleft Lip and Palate Service (S.C.) and Leeds General Infirmary (C.L.), Leeds, Cleft Care Scotland, Glasgow (L.C.), Bristol Dental Hospital, Bristol (L.A.), the University of Manchester (J.C.-S., A.E.-A., G.S., K.M., T.W., W.S.) and Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust (M.B., K.P.), Manchester, Birmingham Children's Hospital (B.F.) and Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust (I.U.), Birmingham, Salisbury District Hospital, Salisbury (G.P.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne (L.R., S.E.), and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (L.S.) - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Gothenburg (C.P.) and Sahlgrenska University Hospital (C.H.), Gothenburg, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala (M.A., E.L.), Linköping University Hospital, Linköping (P.B., A.-S.B.T.), Umeå University (K.B.) and Norrlands University Hospital (J.E.W.), Umeå, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö (K.K., M.S.), Karolinska Institutet, Solna (A.L., J.N.), and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (L.R.W.) - all in Sweden; the University of Copenhagen (E.W., L.D.J.) and Copenhagen Cleft Palate Center (H.S.A., L.D.J.), Copenhagen, and the Cleft Palate Center, Aarhus (B.K.E., L.L., J.B.N.) - all in Denmark; the University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil (M.Z.A., A.P.F., C.G.A.B.G., H.C.M., S.H.A.P.-P., I.E.K.T., R.P.Y.); and Statped (R.A., A.K.H., M.B.K., J.L.) and Statped Sørøst (M.M.), Oslo, and Statped Vest, Bergen (N.-H.P., J.T.) - all in Norway., Phippen G; From the University of Liverpool (C.G., R.C., E.C., L.P., P.R.W.) and Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust (S.M.), Liverpool, Royal Hospital for Sick Children (G.C., N.L.) and the University of Edinburgh (F.M.), Edinburgh, Northern and Yorkshire Regional Cleft Lip and Palate Service (S.C.) and Leeds General Infirmary (C.L.), Leeds, Cleft Care Scotland, Glasgow (L.C.), Bristol Dental Hospital, Bristol (L.A.), the University of Manchester (J.C.-S., A.E.-A., G.S., K.M., T.W., W.S.) and Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust (M.B., K.P.), Manchester, Birmingham Children's Hospital (B.F.) and Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust (I.U.), Birmingham, Salisbury District Hospital, Salisbury (G.P.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne (L.R., S.E.), and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (L.S.) - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Gothenburg (C.P.) and Sahlgrenska University Hospital (C.H.), Gothenburg, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala (M.A., E.L.), Linköping University Hospital, Linköping (P.B., A.-S.B.T.), Umeå University (K.B.) and Norrlands University Hospital (J.E.W.), Umeå, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö (K.K., M.S.), Karolinska Institutet, Solna (A.L., J.N.), and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (L.R.W.) - all in Sweden; the University of Copenhagen (E.W., L.D.J.) and Copenhagen Cleft Palate Center (H.S.A., L.D.J.), Copenhagen, and the Cleft Palate Center, Aarhus (B.K.E., L.L., J.B.N.) - all in Denmark; the University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil (M.Z.A., A.P.F., C.G.A.B.G., H.C.M., S.H.A.P.-P., I.E.K.T., R.P.Y.); and Statped (R.A., A.K.H., M.B.K., J.L.) and Statped Sørøst (M.M.), Oslo, and Statped Vest, Bergen (N.-H.P., J.T.) - all in Norway., Alvarez Piazentin-Penna SH; From the University of Liverpool (C.G., R.C., E.C., L.P., P.R.W.) and Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust (S.M.), Liverpool, Royal Hospital for Sick Children (G.C., N.L.) and the University of Edinburgh (F.M.), Edinburgh, Northern and Yorkshire Regional Cleft Lip and Palate Service (S.C.) and Leeds General Infirmary (C.L.), Leeds, Cleft Care Scotland, Glasgow (L.C.), Bristol Dental Hospital, Bristol (L.A.), the University of Manchester (J.C.-S., A.E.-A., G.S., K.M., T.W., W.S.) and Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust (M.B., K.P.), Manchester, Birmingham Children's Hospital (B.F.) and Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust (I.U.), Birmingham, Salisbury District Hospital, Salisbury (G.P.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne (L.R., S.E.), and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (L.S.) - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Gothenburg (C.P.) and Sahlgrenska University Hospital (C.H.), Gothenburg, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala (M.A., E.L.), Linköping University Hospital, Linköping (P.B., A.-S.B.T.), Umeå University (K.B.) and Norrlands University Hospital (J.E.W.), Umeå, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö (K.K., M.S.), Karolinska Institutet, Solna (A.L., J.N.), and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (L.R.W.) - all in Sweden; the University of Copenhagen (E.W., L.D.J.) and Copenhagen Cleft Palate Center (H.S.A., L.D.J.), Copenhagen, and the Cleft Palate Center, Aarhus (B.K.E., L.L., J.B.N.) - all in Denmark; the University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil (M.Z.A., A.P.F., C.G.A.B.G., H.C.M., S.H.A.P.-P., I.E.K.T., R.P.Y.); and Statped (R.A., A.K.H., M.B.K., J.L.) and Statped Sørøst (M.M.), Oslo, and Statped Vest, Bergen (N.-H.P., J.T.) - all in Norway., Patrick K; From the University of Liverpool (C.G., R.C., E.C., L.P., P.R.W.) and Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust (S.M.), Liverpool, Royal Hospital for Sick Children (G.C., N.L.) and the University of Edinburgh (F.M.), Edinburgh, Northern and Yorkshire Regional Cleft Lip and Palate Service (S.C.) and Leeds General Infirmary (C.L.), Leeds, Cleft Care Scotland, Glasgow (L.C.), Bristol Dental Hospital, Bristol (L.A.), the University of Manchester (J.C.-S., A.E.-A., G.S., K.M., T.W., W.S.) and Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust (M.B., K.P.), Manchester, Birmingham Children's Hospital (B.F.) and Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust (I.U.), Birmingham, Salisbury District Hospital, Salisbury (G.P.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne (L.R., S.E.), and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (L.S.) - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Gothenburg (C.P.) and Sahlgrenska University Hospital (C.H.), Gothenburg, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala (M.A., E.L.), Linköping University Hospital, Linköping (P.B., A.-S.B.T.), Umeå University (K.B.) and Norrlands University Hospital (J.E.W.), Umeå, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö (K.K., M.S.), Karolinska Institutet, Solna (A.L., J.N.), and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (L.R.W.) - all in Sweden; the University of Copenhagen (E.W., L.D.J.) and Copenhagen Cleft Palate Center (H.S.A., L.D.J.), Copenhagen, and the Cleft Palate Center, Aarhus (B.K.E., L.L., J.B.N.) - all in Denmark; the University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil (M.Z.A., A.P.F., C.G.A.B.G., H.C.M., S.H.A.P.-P., I.E.K.T., R.P.Y.); and Statped (R.A., A.K.H., M.B.K., J.L.) and Statped Sørøst (M.M.), Oslo, and Statped Vest, Bergen (N.-H.P., J.T.) - all in Norway., Pliskin L; From the University of Liverpool (C.G., R.C., E.C., L.P., P.R.W.) and Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust (S.M.), Liverpool, Royal Hospital for Sick Children (G.C., N.L.) and the University of Edinburgh (F.M.), Edinburgh, Northern and Yorkshire Regional Cleft Lip and Palate Service (S.C.) and Leeds General Infirmary (C.L.), Leeds, Cleft Care Scotland, Glasgow (L.C.), Bristol Dental Hospital, Bristol (L.A.), the University of Manchester (J.C.-S., A.E.-A., G.S., K.M., T.W., W.S.) and Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust (M.B., K.P.), Manchester, Birmingham Children's Hospital (B.F.) and Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust (I.U.), Birmingham, Salisbury District Hospital, Salisbury (G.P.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne (L.R., S.E.), and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (L.S.) - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Gothenburg (C.P.) and Sahlgrenska University Hospital (C.H.), Gothenburg, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala (M.A., E.L.), Linköping University Hospital, Linköping (P.B., A.-S.B.T.), Umeå University (K.B.) and Norrlands University Hospital (J.E.W.), Umeå, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö (K.K., M.S.), Karolinska Institutet, Solna (A.L., J.N.), and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (L.R.W.) - all in Sweden; the University of Copenhagen (E.W., L.D.J.) and Copenhagen Cleft Palate Center (H.S.A., L.D.J.), Copenhagen, and the Cleft Palate Center, Aarhus (B.K.E., L.L., J.B.N.) - all in Denmark; the University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil (M.Z.A., A.P.F., C.G.A.B.G., H.C.M., S.H.A.P.-P., I.E.K.T., R.P.Y.); and Statped (R.A., A.K.H., M.B.K., J.L.) and Statped Sørøst (M.M.), Oslo, and Statped Vest, Bergen (N.-H.P., J.T.) - all in Norway., Rigby L; From the University of Liverpool (C.G., R.C., E.C., L.P., P.R.W.) and Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust (S.M.), Liverpool, Royal Hospital for Sick Children (G.C., N.L.) and the University of Edinburgh (F.M.), Edinburgh, Northern and Yorkshire Regional Cleft Lip and Palate Service (S.C.) and Leeds General Infirmary (C.L.), Leeds, Cleft Care Scotland, Glasgow (L.C.), Bristol Dental Hospital, Bristol (L.A.), the University of Manchester (J.C.-S., A.E.-A., G.S., K.M., T.W., W.S.) and Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust (M.B., K.P.), Manchester, Birmingham Children's Hospital (B.F.) and Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust (I.U.), Birmingham, Salisbury District Hospital, Salisbury (G.P.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne (L.R., S.E.), and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (L.S.) - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Gothenburg (C.P.) and Sahlgrenska University Hospital (C.H.), Gothenburg, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala (M.A., E.L.), Linköping University Hospital, Linköping (P.B., A.-S.B.T.), Umeå University (K.B.) and Norrlands University Hospital (J.E.W.), Umeå, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö (K.K., M.S.), Karolinska Institutet, Solna (A.L., J.N.), and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (L.R.W.) - all in Sweden; the University of Copenhagen (E.W., L.D.J.) and Copenhagen Cleft Palate Center (H.S.A., L.D.J.), Copenhagen, and the Cleft Palate Center, Aarhus (B.K.E., L.L., J.B.N.) - all in Denmark; the University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil (M.Z.A., A.P.F., C.G.A.B.G., H.C.M., S.H.A.P.-P., I.E.K.T., R.P.Y.); and Statped (R.A., A.K.H., M.B.K., J.L.) and Statped Sørøst (M.M.), Oslo, and Statped Vest, Bergen (N.-H.P., J.T.) - all in Norway., Semb G; From the University of Liverpool (C.G., R.C., E.C., L.P., P.R.W.) and Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust (S.M.), Liverpool, Royal Hospital for Sick Children (G.C., N.L.) and the University of Edinburgh (F.M.), Edinburgh, Northern and Yorkshire Regional Cleft Lip and Palate Service (S.C.) and Leeds General Infirmary (C.L.), Leeds, Cleft Care Scotland, Glasgow (L.C.), Bristol Dental Hospital, Bristol (L.A.), the University of Manchester (J.C.-S., A.E.-A., G.S., K.M., T.W., W.S.) and Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust (M.B., K.P.), Manchester, Birmingham Children's Hospital (B.F.) and Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust (I.U.), Birmingham, Salisbury District Hospital, Salisbury (G.P.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne (L.R., S.E.), and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (L.S.) - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Gothenburg (C.P.) and Sahlgrenska University Hospital (C.H.), Gothenburg, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala (M.A., E.L.), Linköping University Hospital, Linköping (P.B., A.-S.B.T.), Umeå University (K.B.) and Norrlands University Hospital (J.E.W.), Umeå, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö (K.K., M.S.), Karolinska Institutet, Solna (A.L., J.N.), and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (L.R.W.) - all in Sweden; the University of Copenhagen (E.W., L.D.J.) and Copenhagen Cleft Palate Center (H.S.A., L.D.J.), Copenhagen, and the Cleft Palate Center, Aarhus (B.K.E., L.L., J.B.N.) - all in Denmark; the University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil (M.Z.A., A.P.F., C.G.A.B.G., H.C.M., S.H.A.P.-P., I.E.K.T., R.P.Y.); and Statped (R.A., A.K.H., M.B.K., J.L.) and Statped Sørøst (M.M.), Oslo, and Statped Vest, Bergen (N.-H.P., J.T.) - all in Norway., Southby L; From the University of Liverpool (C.G., R.C., E.C., L.P., P.R.W.) and Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust (S.M.), Liverpool, Royal Hospital for Sick Children (G.C., N.L.) and the University of Edinburgh (F.M.), Edinburgh, Northern and Yorkshire Regional Cleft Lip and Palate Service (S.C.) and Leeds General Infirmary (C.L.), Leeds, Cleft Care Scotland, Glasgow (L.C.), Bristol Dental Hospital, Bristol (L.A.), the University of Manchester (J.C.-S., A.E.-A., G.S., K.M., T.W., W.S.) and Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust (M.B., K.P.), Manchester, Birmingham Children's Hospital (B.F.) and Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust (I.U.), Birmingham, Salisbury District Hospital, Salisbury (G.P.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne (L.R., S.E.), and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (L.S.) - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Gothenburg (C.P.) and Sahlgrenska University Hospital (C.H.), Gothenburg, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala (M.A., E.L.), Linköping University Hospital, Linköping (P.B., A.-S.B.T.), Umeå University (K.B.) and Norrlands University Hospital (J.E.W.), Umeå, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö (K.K., M.S.), Karolinska Institutet, Solna (A.L., J.N.), and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (L.R.W.) - all in Sweden; the University of Copenhagen (E.W., L.D.J.) and Copenhagen Cleft Palate Center (H.S.A., L.D.J.), Copenhagen, and the Cleft Palate Center, Aarhus (B.K.E., L.L., J.B.N.) - all in Denmark; the University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil (M.Z.A., A.P.F., C.G.A.B.G., H.C.M., S.H.A.P.-P., I.E.K.T., R.P.Y.); and Statped (R.A., A.K.H., M.B.K., J.L.) and Statped Sørøst (M.M.), Oslo, and Statped Vest, Bergen (N.-H.P., J.T.) - all in Norway., Sporre M; From the University of Liverpool (C.G., R.C., E.C., L.P., P.R.W.) and Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust (S.M.), Liverpool, Royal Hospital for Sick Children (G.C., N.L.) and the University of Edinburgh (F.M.), Edinburgh, Northern and Yorkshire Regional Cleft Lip and Palate Service (S.C.) and Leeds General Infirmary (C.L.), Leeds, Cleft Care Scotland, Glasgow (L.C.), Bristol Dental Hospital, Bristol (L.A.), the University of Manchester (J.C.-S., A.E.-A., G.S., K.M., T.W., W.S.) and Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust (M.B., K.P.), Manchester, Birmingham Children's Hospital (B.F.) and Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust (I.U.), Birmingham, Salisbury District Hospital, Salisbury (G.P.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne (L.R., S.E.), and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (L.S.) - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Gothenburg (C.P.) and Sahlgrenska University Hospital (C.H.), Gothenburg, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala (M.A., E.L.), Linköping University Hospital, Linköping (P.B., A.-S.B.T.), Umeå University (K.B.) and Norrlands University Hospital (J.E.W.), Umeå, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö (K.K., M.S.), Karolinska Institutet, Solna (A.L., J.N.), and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (L.R.W.) - all in Sweden; the University of Copenhagen (E.W., L.D.J.) and Copenhagen Cleft Palate Center (H.S.A., L.D.J.), Copenhagen, and the Cleft Palate Center, Aarhus (B.K.E., L.L., J.B.N.) - all in Denmark; the University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil (M.Z.A., A.P.F., C.G.A.B.G., H.C.M., S.H.A.P.-P., I.E.K.T., R.P.Y.); and Statped (R.A., A.K.H., M.B.K., J.L.) and Statped Sørøst (M.M.), Oslo, and Statped Vest, Bergen (N.-H.P., J.T.) - all in Norway., Björkman Taleman AS; From the University of Liverpool (C.G., R.C., E.C., L.P., P.R.W.) and Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust (S.M.), Liverpool, Royal Hospital for Sick Children (G.C., N.L.) and the University of Edinburgh (F.M.), Edinburgh, Northern and Yorkshire Regional Cleft Lip and Palate Service (S.C.) and Leeds General Infirmary (C.L.), Leeds, Cleft Care Scotland, Glasgow (L.C.), Bristol Dental Hospital, Bristol (L.A.), the University of Manchester (J.C.-S., A.E.-A., G.S., K.M., T.W., W.S.) and Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust (M.B., K.P.), Manchester, Birmingham Children's Hospital (B.F.) and Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust (I.U.), Birmingham, Salisbury District Hospital, Salisbury (G.P.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne (L.R., S.E.), and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (L.S.) - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Gothenburg (C.P.) and Sahlgrenska University Hospital (C.H.), Gothenburg, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala (M.A., E.L.), Linköping University Hospital, Linköping (P.B., A.-S.B.T.), Umeå University (K.B.) and Norrlands University Hospital (J.E.W.), Umeå, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö (K.K., M.S.), Karolinska Institutet, Solna (A.L., J.N.), and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (L.R.W.) - all in Sweden; the University of Copenhagen (E.W., L.D.J.) and Copenhagen Cleft Palate Center (H.S.A., L.D.J.), Copenhagen, and the Cleft Palate Center, Aarhus (B.K.E., L.L., J.B.N.) - all in Denmark; the University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil (M.Z.A., A.P.F., C.G.A.B.G., H.C.M., S.H.A.P.-P., I.E.K.T., R.P.Y.); and Statped (R.A., A.K.H., M.B.K., J.L.) and Statped Sørøst (M.M.), Oslo, and Statped Vest, Bergen (N.-H.P., J.T.) - all in Norway., Tangstad J; From the University of Liverpool (C.G., R.C., E.C., L.P., P.R.W.) and Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust (S.M.), Liverpool, Royal Hospital for Sick Children (G.C., N.L.) and the University of Edinburgh (F.M.), Edinburgh, Northern and Yorkshire Regional Cleft Lip and Palate Service (S.C.) and Leeds General Infirmary (C.L.), Leeds, Cleft Care Scotland, Glasgow (L.C.), Bristol Dental Hospital, Bristol (L.A.), the University of Manchester (J.C.-S., A.E.-A., G.S., K.M., T.W., W.S.) and Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust (M.B., K.P.), Manchester, Birmingham Children's Hospital (B.F.) and Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust (I.U.), Birmingham, Salisbury District Hospital, Salisbury (G.P.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne (L.R., S.E.), and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (L.S.) - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Gothenburg (C.P.) and Sahlgrenska University Hospital (C.H.), Gothenburg, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala (M.A., E.L.), Linköping University Hospital, Linköping (P.B., A.-S.B.T.), Umeå University (K.B.) and Norrlands University Hospital (J.E.W.), Umeå, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö (K.K., M.S.), Karolinska Institutet, Solna (A.L., J.N.), and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (L.R.W.) - all in Sweden; the University of Copenhagen (E.W., L.D.J.) and Copenhagen Cleft Palate Center (H.S.A., L.D.J.), Copenhagen, and the Cleft Palate Center, Aarhus (B.K.E., L.L., J.B.N.) - all in Denmark; the University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil (M.Z.A., A.P.F., C.G.A.B.G., H.C.M., S.H.A.P.-P., I.E.K.T., R.P.Y.); and Statped (R.A., A.K.H., M.B.K., J.L.) and Statped Sørøst (M.M.), Oslo, and Statped Vest, Bergen (N.-H.P., J.T.) - all in Norway., Trindade IEK; From the University of Liverpool (C.G., R.C., E.C., L.P., P.R.W.) and Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust (S.M.), Liverpool, Royal Hospital for Sick Children (G.C., N.L.) and the University of Edinburgh (F.M.), Edinburgh, Northern and Yorkshire Regional Cleft Lip and Palate Service (S.C.) and Leeds General Infirmary (C.L.), Leeds, Cleft Care Scotland, Glasgow (L.C.), Bristol Dental Hospital, Bristol (L.A.), the University of Manchester (J.C.-S., A.E.-A., G.S., K.M., T.W., W.S.) and Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust (M.B., K.P.), Manchester, Birmingham Children's Hospital (B.F.) and Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust (I.U.), Birmingham, Salisbury District Hospital, Salisbury (G.P.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne (L.R., S.E.), and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (L.S.) - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Gothenburg (C.P.) and Sahlgrenska University Hospital (C.H.), Gothenburg, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala (M.A., E.L.), Linköping University Hospital, Linköping (P.B., A.-S.B.T.), Umeå University (K.B.) and Norrlands University Hospital (J.E.W.), Umeå, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö (K.K., M.S.), Karolinska Institutet, Solna (A.L., J.N.), and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (L.R.W.) - all in Sweden; the University of Copenhagen (E.W., L.D.J.) and Copenhagen Cleft Palate Center (H.S.A., L.D.J.), Copenhagen, and the Cleft Palate Center, Aarhus (B.K.E., L.L., J.B.N.) - all in Denmark; the University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil (M.Z.A., A.P.F., C.G.A.B.G., H.C.M., S.H.A.P.-P., I.E.K.T., R.P.Y.); and Statped (R.A., A.K.H., M.B.K., J.L.) and Statped Sørøst (M.M.), Oslo, and Statped Vest, Bergen (N.-H.P., J.T.) - all in Norway., Underwood I; From the University of Liverpool (C.G., R.C., E.C., L.P., P.R.W.) and Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust (S.M.), Liverpool, Royal Hospital for Sick Children (G.C., N.L.) and the University of Edinburgh (F.M.), Edinburgh, Northern and Yorkshire Regional Cleft Lip and Palate Service (S.C.) and Leeds General Infirmary (C.L.), Leeds, Cleft Care Scotland, Glasgow (L.C.), Bristol Dental Hospital, Bristol (L.A.), the University of Manchester (J.C.-S., A.E.-A., G.S., K.M., T.W., W.S.) and Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust (M.B., K.P.), Manchester, Birmingham Children's Hospital (B.F.) and Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust (I.U.), Birmingham, Salisbury District Hospital, Salisbury (G.P.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne (L.R., S.E.), and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (L.S.) - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Gothenburg (C.P.) and Sahlgrenska University Hospital (C.H.), Gothenburg, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala (M.A., E.L.), Linköping University Hospital, Linköping (P.B., A.-S.B.T.), Umeå University (K.B.) and Norrlands University Hospital (J.E.W.), Umeå, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö (K.K., M.S.), Karolinska Institutet, Solna (A.L., J.N.), and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (L.R.W.) - all in Sweden; the University of Copenhagen (E.W., L.D.J.) and Copenhagen Cleft Palate Center (H.S.A., L.D.J.), Copenhagen, and the Cleft Palate Center, Aarhus (B.K.E., L.L., J.B.N.) - all in Denmark; the University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil (M.Z.A., A.P.F., C.G.A.B.G., H.C.M., S.H.A.P.-P., I.E.K.T., R.P.Y.); and Statped (R.A., A.K.H., M.B.K., J.L.) and Statped Sørøst (M.M.), Oslo, and Statped Vest, Bergen (N.-H.P., J.T.) - all in Norway., van Eeden S; From the University of Liverpool (C.G., R.C., E.C., L.P., P.R.W.) and Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust (S.M.), Liverpool, Royal Hospital for Sick Children (G.C., N.L.) and the University of Edinburgh (F.M.), Edinburgh, Northern and Yorkshire Regional Cleft Lip and Palate Service (S.C.) and Leeds General Infirmary (C.L.), Leeds, Cleft Care Scotland, Glasgow (L.C.), Bristol Dental Hospital, Bristol (L.A.), the University of Manchester (J.C.-S., A.E.-A., G.S., K.M., T.W., W.S.) and Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust (M.B., K.P.), Manchester, Birmingham Children's Hospital (B.F.) and Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust (I.U.), Birmingham, Salisbury District Hospital, Salisbury (G.P.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne (L.R., S.E.), and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (L.S.) - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Gothenburg (C.P.) and Sahlgrenska University Hospital (C.H.), Gothenburg, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala (M.A., E.L.), Linköping University Hospital, Linköping (P.B., A.-S.B.T.), Umeå University (K.B.) and Norrlands University Hospital (J.E.W.), Umeå, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö (K.K., M.S.), Karolinska Institutet, Solna (A.L., J.N.), and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (L.R.W.) - all in Sweden; the University of Copenhagen (E.W., L.D.J.) and Copenhagen Cleft Palate Center (H.S.A., L.D.J.), Copenhagen, and the Cleft Palate Center, Aarhus (B.K.E., L.L., J.B.N.) - all in Denmark; the University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil (M.Z.A., A.P.F., C.G.A.B.G., H.C.M., S.H.A.P.-P., I.E.K.T., R.P.Y.); and Statped (R.A., A.K.H., M.B.K., J.L.) and Statped Sørøst (M.M.), Oslo, and Statped Vest, Bergen (N.-H.P., J.T.) - all in Norway., Westberg LR; From the University of Liverpool (C.G., R.C., E.C., L.P., P.R.W.) and Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust (S.M.), Liverpool, Royal Hospital for Sick Children (G.C., N.L.) and the University of Edinburgh (F.M.), Edinburgh, Northern and Yorkshire Regional Cleft Lip and Palate Service (S.C.) and Leeds General Infirmary (C.L.), Leeds, Cleft Care Scotland, Glasgow (L.C.), Bristol Dental Hospital, Bristol (L.A.), the University of Manchester (J.C.-S., A.E.-A., G.S., K.M., T.W., W.S.) and Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust (M.B., K.P.), Manchester, Birmingham Children's Hospital (B.F.) and Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust (I.U.), Birmingham, Salisbury District Hospital, Salisbury (G.P.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne (L.R., S.E.), and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (L.S.) - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Gothenburg (C.P.) and Sahlgrenska University Hospital (C.H.), Gothenburg, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala (M.A., E.L.), Linköping University Hospital, Linköping (P.B., A.-S.B.T.), Umeå University (K.B.) and Norrlands University Hospital (J.E.W.), Umeå, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö (K.K., M.S.), Karolinska Institutet, Solna (A.L., J.N.), and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (L.R.W.) - all in Sweden; the University of Copenhagen (E.W., L.D.J.) and Copenhagen Cleft Palate Center (H.S.A., L.D.J.), Copenhagen, and the Cleft Palate Center, Aarhus (B.K.E., L.L., J.B.N.) - all in Denmark; the University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil (M.Z.A., A.P.F., C.G.A.B.G., H.C.M., S.H.A.P.-P., I.E.K.T., R.P.Y.); and Statped (R.A., A.K.H., M.B.K., J.L.) and Statped Sørøst (M.M.), Oslo, and Statped Vest, Bergen (N.-H.P., J.T.) - all in Norway., Williamson PR; From the University of Liverpool (C.G., R.C., E.C., L.P., P.R.W.) and Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust (S.M.), Liverpool, Royal Hospital for Sick Children (G.C., N.L.) and the University of Edinburgh (F.M.), Edinburgh, Northern and Yorkshire Regional Cleft Lip and Palate Service (S.C.) and Leeds General Infirmary (C.L.), Leeds, Cleft Care Scotland, Glasgow (L.C.), Bristol Dental Hospital, Bristol (L.A.), the University of Manchester (J.C.-S., A.E.-A., G.S., K.M., T.W., W.S.) and Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust (M.B., K.P.), Manchester, Birmingham Children's Hospital (B.F.) and Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust (I.U.), Birmingham, Salisbury District Hospital, Salisbury (G.P.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne (L.R., S.E.), and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (L.S.) - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Gothenburg (C.P.) and Sahlgrenska University Hospital (C.H.), Gothenburg, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala (M.A., E.L.), Linköping University Hospital, Linköping (P.B., A.-S.B.T.), Umeå University (K.B.) and Norrlands University Hospital (J.E.W.), Umeå, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö (K.K., M.S.), Karolinska Institutet, Solna (A.L., J.N.), and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (L.R.W.) - all in Sweden; the University of Copenhagen (E.W., L.D.J.) and Copenhagen Cleft Palate Center (H.S.A., L.D.J.), Copenhagen, and the Cleft Palate Center, Aarhus (B.K.E., L.L., J.B.N.) - all in Denmark; the University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil (M.Z.A., A.P.F., C.G.A.B.G., H.C.M., S.H.A.P.-P., I.E.K.T., R.P.Y.); and Statped (R.A., A.K.H., M.B.K., J.L.) and Statped Sørøst (M.M.), Oslo, and Statped Vest, Bergen (N.-H.P., J.T.) - all in Norway., Paciello Yamashita R; From the University of Liverpool (C.G., R.C., E.C., L.P., P.R.W.) and Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust (S.M.), Liverpool, Royal Hospital for Sick Children (G.C., N.L.) and the University of Edinburgh (F.M.), Edinburgh, Northern and Yorkshire Regional Cleft Lip and Palate Service (S.C.) and Leeds General Infirmary (C.L.), Leeds, Cleft Care Scotland, Glasgow (L.C.), Bristol Dental Hospital, Bristol (L.A.), the University of Manchester (J.C.-S., A.E.-A., G.S., K.M., T.W., W.S.) and Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust (M.B., K.P.), Manchester, Birmingham Children's Hospital (B.F.) and Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust (I.U.), Birmingham, Salisbury District Hospital, Salisbury (G.P.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne (L.R., S.E.), and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (L.S.) - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Gothenburg (C.P.) and Sahlgrenska University Hospital (C.H.), Gothenburg, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala (M.A., E.L.), Linköping University Hospital, Linköping (P.B., A.-S.B.T.), Umeå University (K.B.) and Norrlands University Hospital (J.E.W.), Umeå, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö (K.K., M.S.), Karolinska Institutet, Solna (A.L., J.N.), and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (L.R.W.) - all in Sweden; the University of Copenhagen (E.W., L.D.J.) and Copenhagen Cleft Palate Center (H.S.A., L.D.J.), Copenhagen, and the Cleft Palate Center, Aarhus (B.K.E., L.L., J.B.N.) - all in Denmark; the University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil (M.Z.A., A.P.F., C.G.A.B.G., H.C.M., S.H.A.P.-P., I.E.K.T., R.P.Y.); and Statped (R.A., A.K.H., M.B.K., J.L.) and Statped Sørøst (M.M.), Oslo, and Statped Vest, Bergen (N.-H.P., J.T.) - all in Norway., Munro K; From the University of Liverpool (C.G., R.C., E.C., L.P., P.R.W.) and Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust (S.M.), Liverpool, Royal Hospital for Sick Children (G.C., N.L.) and the University of Edinburgh (F.M.), Edinburgh, Northern and Yorkshire Regional Cleft Lip and Palate Service (S.C.) and Leeds General Infirmary (C.L.), Leeds, Cleft Care Scotland, Glasgow (L.C.), Bristol Dental Hospital, Bristol (L.A.), the University of Manchester (J.C.-S., A.E.-A., G.S., K.M., T.W., W.S.) and Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust (M.B., K.P.), Manchester, Birmingham Children's Hospital (B.F.) and Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust (I.U.), Birmingham, Salisbury District Hospital, Salisbury (G.P.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne (L.R., S.E.), and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (L.S.) - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Gothenburg (C.P.) and Sahlgrenska University Hospital (C.H.), Gothenburg, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala (M.A., E.L.), Linköping University Hospital, Linköping (P.B., A.-S.B.T.), Umeå University (K.B.) and Norrlands University Hospital (J.E.W.), Umeå, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö (K.K., M.S.), Karolinska Institutet, Solna (A.L., J.N.), and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (L.R.W.) - all in Sweden; the University of Copenhagen (E.W., L.D.J.) and Copenhagen Cleft Palate Center (H.S.A., L.D.J.), Copenhagen, and the Cleft Palate Center, Aarhus (B.K.E., L.L., J.B.N.) - all in Denmark; the University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil (M.Z.A., A.P.F., C.G.A.B.G., H.C.M., S.H.A.P.-P., I.E.K.T., R.P.Y.); and Statped (R.A., A.K.H., M.B.K., J.L.) and Statped Sørøst (M.M.), Oslo, and Statped Vest, Bergen (N.-H.P., J.T.) - all in Norway., Walsh T; From the University of Liverpool (C.G., R.C., E.C., L.P., P.R.W.) and Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust (S.M.), Liverpool, Royal Hospital for Sick Children (G.C., N.L.) and the University of Edinburgh (F.M.), Edinburgh, Northern and Yorkshire Regional Cleft Lip and Palate Service (S.C.) and Leeds General Infirmary (C.L.), Leeds, Cleft Care Scotland, Glasgow (L.C.), Bristol Dental Hospital, Bristol (L.A.), the University of Manchester (J.C.-S., A.E.-A., G.S., K.M., T.W., W.S.) and Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust (M.B., K.P.), Manchester, Birmingham Children's Hospital (B.F.) and Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust (I.U.), Birmingham, Salisbury District Hospital, Salisbury (G.P.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne (L.R., S.E.), and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (L.S.) - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Gothenburg (C.P.) and Sahlgrenska University Hospital (C.H.), Gothenburg, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala (M.A., E.L.), Linköping University Hospital, Linköping (P.B., A.-S.B.T.), Umeå University (K.B.) and Norrlands University Hospital (J.E.W.), Umeå, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö (K.K., M.S.), Karolinska Institutet, Solna (A.L., J.N.), and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (L.R.W.) - all in Sweden; the University of Copenhagen (E.W., L.D.J.) and Copenhagen Cleft Palate Center (H.S.A., L.D.J.), Copenhagen, and the Cleft Palate Center, Aarhus (B.K.E., L.L., J.B.N.) - all in Denmark; the University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil (M.Z.A., A.P.F., C.G.A.B.G., H.C.M., S.H.A.P.-P., I.E.K.T., R.P.Y.); and Statped (R.A., A.K.H., M.B.K., J.L.) and Statped Sørøst (M.M.), Oslo, and Statped Vest, Bergen (N.-H.P., J.T.) - all in Norway., Shaw W; From the University of Liverpool (C.G., R.C., E.C., L.P., P.R.W.) and Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust (S.M.), Liverpool, Royal Hospital for Sick Children (G.C., N.L.) and the University of Edinburgh (F.M.), Edinburgh, Northern and Yorkshire Regional Cleft Lip and Palate Service (S.C.) and Leeds General Infirmary (C.L.), Leeds, Cleft Care Scotland, Glasgow (L.C.), Bristol Dental Hospital, Bristol (L.A.), the University of Manchester (J.C.-S., A.E.-A., G.S., K.M., T.W., W.S.) and Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust (M.B., K.P.), Manchester, Birmingham Children's Hospital (B.F.) and Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust (I.U.), Birmingham, Salisbury District Hospital, Salisbury (G.P.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne (L.R., S.E.), and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford (L.S.) - all in the United Kingdom; the University of Gothenburg (C.P.) and Sahlgrenska University Hospital (C.H.), Gothenburg, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala (M.A., E.L.), Linköping University Hospital, Linköping (P.B., A.-S.B.T.), Umeå University (K.B.) and Norrlands University Hospital (J.E.W.), Umeå, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö (K.K., M.S.), Karolinska Institutet, Solna (A.L., J.N.), and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (L.R.W.) - all in Sweden; the University of Copenhagen (E.W., L.D.J.) and Copenhagen Cleft Palate Center (H.S.A., L.D.J.), Copenhagen, and the Cleft Palate Center, Aarhus (B.K.E., L.L., J.B.N.) - all in Denmark; the University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil (M.Z.A., A.P.F., C.G.A.B.G., H.C.M., S.H.A.P.-P., I.E.K.T., R.P.Y.); and Statped (R.A., A.K.H., M.B.K., J.L.) and Statped Sørøst (M.M.), Oslo, and Statped Vest, Bergen (N.-H.P., J.T.) - all in Norway.
Jazyk:	angličtina
Zdroj:	The New England journal of medicine [N Engl J Med] 2023 Aug 31; Vol. 389 (9), pp. 795-807.
DOI:	10.1056/NEJMoa2215162
Abstrakt:	Background: Among infants with isolated cleft palate, whether primary surgery at 6 months of age is more beneficial than surgery at 12 months of age with respect to speech outcomes, hearing outcomes, dentofacial development, and safety is unknown. Methods: We randomly assigned infants with nonsyndromic isolated cleft palate, in a 1:1 ratio, to undergo standardized primary surgery at 6 months of age (6-month group) or at 12 months of age (12-month group) for closure of the cleft. Standardized assessments of quality-checked video and audio recordings at 1, 3, and 5 years of age were performed independently by speech and language therapists who were unaware of the trial-group assignments. The primary outcome was velopharyngeal insufficiency at 5 years of age, defined as a velopharyngeal composite summary score of at least 4 (scores range from 0 to 6, with higher scores indicating greater severity). Secondary outcomes included speech development, postoperative complications, hearing sensitivity, dentofacial development, and growth. Results: We randomly assigned 558 infants at 23 centers across Europe and South America to undergo surgery at 6 months of age (281 infants) or at 12 months of age (277 infants). Speech recordings from 235 infants (83.6%) in the 6-month group and 226 (81.6%) in the 12-month group were analyzable. Insufficient velopharyngeal function at 5 years of age was observed in 21 of 235 infants (8.9%) in the 6-month group as compared with 34 of 226 (15.0%) in the 12-month group (risk ratio, 0.59; 95% confidence interval, 0.36 to 0.99; P = 0.04). Postoperative complications were infrequent and similar in the 6-month and 12-month groups. Four serious adverse events were reported (three in the 6-month group and one in the 12-month group) and had resolved at follow-up. Conclusions: Medically fit infants who underwent primary surgery for isolated cleft palate in adequately resourced settings at 6 months of age were less likely to have velopharyngeal insufficiency at the age of 5 years than those who had surgery at 12 months of age. (Funded by the National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research; TOPS ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00993551.). (Copyright © 2023 Massachusetts Medical Society.)
Databáze:	MEDLINE
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