Stroke and physiological relationships during the incremental front crawl test: outcomes for planning and pacing aerobic training.

Autor: Almeida TAF; Graduate Programme in Human Development and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rio Claro, Brazil.; Department of Physical Education, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Bauru, Brazil.; CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal., Espada MC; CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.; Instituto Politécnico de Setúbal, Escola Superior de Educação, Setúbal, Portugal.; Life Quality Research Centre (LQRC-CIEQV, Leiria), Complexo Andaluz, Rio Maior, Portugal., Massini DA; Graduate Programme in Human Development and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rio Claro, Brazil.; Department of Physical Education, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Bauru, Brazil., Macedo AG; Graduate Programme in Human Development and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rio Claro, Brazil.; Department of Physical Education, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Bauru, Brazil., Castro EA; Graduate Programme in Human Development and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rio Claro, Brazil.; Department of Physical Education, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Bauru, Brazil., Ferreira CC; Instituto Politécnico de Setúbal, Escola Superior de Educação, Setúbal, Portugal.; Research Group in Optimization of Training and Sport Performance (GOERD), Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain., Reis JF; CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.; Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal., Pessôa Filho DM; Graduate Programme in Human Development and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rio Claro, Brazil.; Department of Physical Education, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Bauru, Brazil.
Jazyk: angličtina
Zdroj: Frontiers in physiology [Front Physiol] 2023 Aug 14; Vol. 14, pp. 1241948. Date of Electronic Publication: 2023 Aug 14 (Print Publication: 2023).
DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1241948
Abstrakt: Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the physiological responses associated with the stroke length (SL) and stroke rate (SR) changes as swimming velocity increases during an incremental step-test. Moreover, this study also aimed to verify if SL and SR relationships toward maximal oxygen uptake (V̇O 2max ), gas respiratory compensation point (RCP), exchange threshold (GET), and swimming cost can be applied to the management of endurance training and control aerobic pace. Methods: A total of 19 swimmers performed the incremental test until volitional exhaustion, with each stage being designed by percentages of the 400 m (%v400) maximal front crawl velocity. V̇O 2max , GET, RCP, and the respective swimming velocities (v) were examined. Also, the stroke parameters, SL, SR, the corresponding slopes (SLslope and SRslope), and the crossing point (Cp) between them were determined. Results: GET and RCP corresponded to 70.6% and 82.4% of V̇O 2max (4185.3 ± 686.1 mL min -1 ), and V̇O 2 at Cp, SLslope, and SRslope were observed at 129.7%, 75.3%, and 61.7% of V̇O 2max, respectively. The swimming cost from the expected V̇O 2 at vSLslope (0.85 ± 0.18 kJ m -1 ), vSRslope (0.77 ± 0.17 kJ m -1 ), and vCp (1.09 ± 0.19 kJ m -1 ) showed correlations with GET (r = 0.73, 0.57, and 0.59, respectively), but only the cost at vSLslope and vCp correlated to RCP (0.62 and 0.69) and V̇O 2max (0.70 and 0.79). Conclusion: SL and SR exhibited a distinctive pattern for the V̇O 2 response as swimming velocity increased. Furthermore, the influence of SL on GET, RCP, and V̇O 2max suggests that SLslope serves as the metabolic reference of heavy exercise intensity, beyond which the stroke profile defines an exercise zone with high cost, which is recommended for an anaerobic threshold and aerobic power training. In turn, the observed difference between V̇O 2 at SRslope and GET suggests that the range of velocities between SL and SR slopes ensures an economical pace, which might be recommended to develop long-term endurance. The results also highlighted that the swimming intensity paced at Cp would impose a high anaerobic demand, as it is located above the maximal aerobic velocity. Therefore, SLslope and SRslope are suitable indexes of submaximal to maximal aerobic paces, while Cp's meaning still requires further evidence.
Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
(Copyright © 2023 Almeida, Espada, Massini, Macedo, Castro, Ferreira, Reis and Pessôa Filho.)
Databáze: MEDLINE
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