Egg predators improve the hatching success of salamander eggs.

Autor: Takahashi MK; Department of Biology Bucknell University Lewisburg Pennsylvania USA.; Animal Behavior Program Bucknell University Lewisburg Pennsylvania USA., Ruszala D; Animal Behavior Program Bucknell University Lewisburg Pennsylvania USA.
Jazyk: angličtina
Zdroj: Ecology and evolution [Ecol Evol] 2023 Aug 22; Vol. 13 (8), pp. e10427. Date of Electronic Publication: 2023 Aug 22 (Print Publication: 2023).
DOI: 10.1002/ece3.10427
Abstrakt: A common challenge that oviparous animals face is securing survivorship during the vulnerable embryonic stage. One of the parental investment strategies to improve survivorship is providing physical structures to protect the embryos. In amphibians, there is a notable diversity in jelly-layer structures surrounding eggs. Previous studies show that these jelly layers provide eggs with protection against egg predators, egg pathogens, and desiccation. However, few studies examined the cost-benefit relationship of the jelly-layer structures. By using the predator-prey interaction between wood frog ( Lithobates sylvaticus ) tadpoles and spotted salamander ( Ambystoma maculatum ) eggs as a model system, we tested three hypotheses: (1) having the outer jelly layers would be costly to the embryos, (2) the relative benefit of the structural egg defense would become apparent and increase as the intensity of egg predation increases, and (3) a certain degree of predation would increase the hatching success of salamander embryos by mechanically thinning the thick outer jelly layers and increasing oxygen diffusion throughout an egg mass. To test these hypotheses, we conducted a factorial experiment in which we crossed four egg-predation levels with two jelly-layer conditions, intact or removed. We found that the jelly layers were essential in protecting spotted salamander embryos from wood frog tadpoles but that the associated cost was apparent in no-predation treatments. The differential survivorship between intact eggs and eggs without jelly layers showed that the fitness advantage of jelly layers increased as the level of predation increased. Finally, the hatching success of intact egg masses was highest under the high predation conditions. These results imply that the evolution of the jelly-layer thickness occurred under constant egg-predation pressure. Given this predator-prey coevolution, egg predators may play a critical role in improving the hatching success of salamander embryos under certain conditions.
Competing Interests: None.
(© 2023 The Authors. Ecology and Evolution published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)
Databáze: MEDLINE
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