Psychostimulants for Children: Are We Over or Under Dosing?

Autor:	Blum K; Division of Addiction Research & Education, Center for Sports, Exercise & Mental Health, Western University Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA.; The Kenneth Blum Institute of Neurogenetics & Behavior, LLC., Austin, TX, USA., Dennen C; Department of Family Medicine, Jefferson Health Northeast, Philadelphia, PA, USA., Carney PR; Division Pediatric Neurology, University of Missouri, School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, USA., Gilley E; The Kenneth Blum Institute of Neurogenetics & Behavior, LLC., Austin, TX, USA., Thanos PK; Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions, Clinical Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biosciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA; Department of Psychology, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA., Braverman ER; The Kenneth Blum Institute of Neurogenetics & Behavior, LLC., Austin, TX, USA., Baron D; Division of Addiction Research & Education, Center for Sports, Exercise & Mental Health, Western University Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA., Hanna C; Division Pediatric Neurology, University of Missouri, School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, USA., Modestino EJ; Department of Psychology, Curry College, Milton, MA, USA., Gold MS; Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA., Elman I; Cambridge Health Alliance, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA., Badgaiyan RD; Department of Psychiatry, Mt. Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
Jazyk:	angličtina
Zdroj:	Journal of addiction psychiatry [J Addict Psychiatry] 2023; Vol. 7 (1), pp. 1-4. Date of Electronic Publication: 2023 Apr 22.
Abstrakt:	An estimated 3% to 10% of school children meet the DSM-V criteria for ADHD (Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder), however, to be over-diagnosed, the rate of children inappropriately diagnosed with ADHD (false positives) would have to be larger than the number of children with ADHD who are under-identified and not diagnosed (false negatives). Accordingly, a number of investigators take the position that under-treatment with psychostimulants, especially in children and adolescence, will result in continued ADHD symptomatology including future Substance Use Disorder (SUD). However, other researchers and clinicians believe otherwise and espouse laudable arguments for caution and prolonged methamphetamine treatment. While there is ongoing controversy of the role of genetics and epigenetics linked to ADHD, it seems clear that a number of dopaminergic genes and their risk polymorphisms act as DNA antecedents impacted by epigenetic induced methylation. Our hypothesis and literature review suggest that one possible solution is to embrace non addictive interventions to induce global dopamine homeostasis. Competing Interests: Conflict of Interest Kenneth Blum owns domestic and foreign patents on GARS and KB220. These patents have been assigned by the inventor Dr. Blum to either Synaptamine Inc. or Transplicegen Holdings LLC. There are no other author conflicts of interest.
Databáze:	MEDLINE
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