Conditioning induced placebo-like and nocebo-like effects of thermal discomfort in adults but not in youth.

Autor:	Weik E; Department of Psychiatry, BC Mental Health and Addictions Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada., Neuenschwander R; Department of Pediatrics, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of British, Vancouver, BC, Canada., Edgington B; Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada., Jensen K; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden., Tipper CM; Department of Pediatrics, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of British, Vancouver, BC, Canada., Oberlander TF; Department of Psychiatry, BC Mental Health and Addictions Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
Jazyk:	angličtina
Zdroj:	British journal of pain [Br J Pain] 2023 Aug; Vol. 17 (4), pp. 342-351. Date of Electronic Publication: 2023 Feb 02.
DOI:	10.1177/20494637231153364
Abstrakt:	Introduction: Conditioning can be used to modulate the perception of pain, in the form of placebo and nocebo effects. Previous studies show inconsistent results as to whether adolescents show similar, weaker, or non-significant conditioned placebo and nocebo effects compared to effects found in adults. There are suggestions that such differences (if any) may dependent on the cues used in the thermal conditioning paradigms. Therefore, in this current study, we utilized novel, neutral 3D-shaped visual cues to implicitly induce conditioned placebo-like and nocebo-like effects in adolescents and adults. Methods: During the conditioning paradigm, distinct cues (Fribbles) were paired with low and high temperatures in 24 adults and 20 adolescents (mean age = 25.5 years). In the testing phase, these conditioned cues as well as a neutral (unconditioned) cue were presented with moderate temperatures. Results: Thermal discomfort of moderate temperatures was lower when presented with the conditioned low heat cue (placebo-like effect) and higher when thermal stimuli were presented with the high heat cue (nocebo-like effect) compared to the neutral cue. The effects were driven by adults, as neither the placebo-like nor the nocebo-like effect was significant in adolescents. The difference between adolescents and adults was not explained by differences in temperature or discomfort levels, as adults and adolescents had comparable calibrated temperatures and levels of discomfort during heat stimuli. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that thermal perception in adolescents is less influenced by conditioning to an engaging novel visual cue, compared to adults. Our work may have implications for better understanding the scope and limitations of conditioning as a key mechanism of placebo and nocebo effects in youth. Competing Interests: The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. (© The Author(s) 2023.)
Databáze:	MEDLINE
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