| Autor: |
Kwong KW; Research Department, DreamTec Cytokines Limited, Hong Kong, China.; Oristry BioTech (HK) Limited, Hong Kong, China.; Theratide BioTech (HK) Limited, Hong Kong, China., Xin Y; Research Department, DreamTec Cytokines Limited, Hong Kong, China., Lai NC; Research Department, DreamTec Cytokines Limited, Hong Kong, China.; Oristry BioTech (HK) Limited, Hong Kong, China.; Theratide BioTech (HK) Limited, Hong Kong, China., Sung JC; Research Department, DreamTec Cytokines Limited, Hong Kong, China.; Oristry BioTech (HK) Limited, Hong Kong, China.; Theratide BioTech (HK) Limited, Hong Kong, China., Wu KC; Research Department, DreamTec Cytokines Limited, Hong Kong, China., Hamied YK; Cipla Limited, Mumbai 400013, India., Sze ET; School of Science and Technology, Hong Kong Metropolitan University, Hong Kong, China., Lam DM; DrD Novel Vaccines Limited, Hong Kong, China.; Torsten Wiesel International Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China. |
| Abstrakt: |
Oral vaccines are gaining more attention due to their ease of administration, lower invasiveness, generally greater safety, and lower cost than injectable vaccines. This review introduces certified oral vaccines for adenovirus, recombinant protein-based, and transgenic plant-based oral vaccines, and their mechanisms for inducing an immune response. Procedures for regulatory approval and clinical trials of injectable and oral vaccines are also covered. Challenges such as instability and reduced efficacy in low-income countries associated with oral vaccines are discussed, as well as recent developments, such as Bacillus-subtilis-based and nanoparticle-based delivery systems that have the potential to improve the effectiveness of oral vaccines. |
