Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors as a Treatment Option for Bladder Cancer: Current Evidence.
| Autor: | Okobi TJ; Internal Medicine, Bronx Care Health System, New York, USA., Uhomoibhi TO; Internal Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C., USA.; Internal Medicine, University of the District of Columbia, Washington, D.C., USA., Akahara DE; Medicine, Windsor University School of Medicine, Cayon, KNA., Odoma VA; Cardiology/Oncology, IU Health, Bloomington, USA., Sanusi IA; Internal Medicine, University of Texas at Houston, Houston, USA., Okobi OE; Family Medicine, Medficient Health Systems, Laurel, USA.; Family Medicine, Lakeside Medical Center, Belle Glade, USA., Umana I; Urology, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, NGA., Okobi E; Dentistry, Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital Zaria, Abuja, NGA., Okonkwo CC; Family Medicine, Caribbean Medical University School of Medicine, Willemstad, CUW., Harry NM; Internal Medicine, National Pirogov Memorial University, Vinnitsa, UKR. |
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| Jazyk: | angličtina |
| Zdroj: | Cureus [Cureus] 2023 Jun 06; Vol. 15 (6), pp. e40031. Date of Electronic Publication: 2023 Jun 06 (Print Publication: 2023). |
| DOI: | 10.7759/cureus.40031 |
| Abstrakt: | Bladder cancer is a prevalent disease, and treatment options for advanced bladder cancer remain limited. However, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) targeting cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4) and programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) have shown promise in treating bladder cancer. These drugs work by blocking receptors and ligands, disrupting signaling, and allowing T cells to recognize and attack cancer cells. ICIs have been found to be effective in treating bladder cancer, especially in cases of metastatic urothelial carcinoma (UC) that have progressed after chemotherapy. Furthermore, combination therapy with ICIs and chemotherapy or radiation therapy has shown promise in treating bladder cancer. While there are challenges associated with ICIs, including adverse effects, immune-related adverse events, and lack of efficacy in some patients, they remain a promising option for bladder cancer treatment, especially in cases where other treatment options have failed. This review paper focuses on the current role, challenges, and future trends of immunotherapy in the management of bladder cancer. Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. (Copyright © 2023, Okobi et al.) |
| Databáze: | MEDLINE |
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