T-cell immunity to SARS-CoV-2: what if the known best is not the optimal course for the long run? Adapting to evolving targets.

Autor:	Nowill AE; Integrated Center for Pediatric OncoHaematological Research, State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil., Caruso M; CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center (Oncology Division), Université Laval Cancer Research Center, Québec, QC, Canada., de Campos-Lima PO; Boldrini Children's Center, Campinas, SP, Brazil.; Molecular and Morphofunctional Biology Graduate Program, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
Jazyk:	angličtina
Zdroj:	Frontiers in immunology [Front Immunol] 2023 Jun 14; Vol. 14, pp. 1133225. Date of Electronic Publication: 2023 Jun 14 (Print Publication: 2023).
DOI:	10.3389/fimmu.2023.1133225
Abstrakt:	Humanity did surprisingly well so far, considering how unprepared it was to respond to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) threat. By blending old and ingenious new technology in the context of the accumulated knowledge on other human coronaviruses, several vaccine candidates were produced and tested in clinical trials in record time. Today, five vaccines account for the bulk of the more than 13 billion doses administered worldwide. The ability to elicit biding and neutralizing antibodies most often against the spike protein is a major component of the protection conferred by immunization but alone it is not enough to limit virus transmission. Thus, the surge in numbers of infected individuals by newer variants of concern (VOCs) was not accompanied by a proportional increase in severe disease and death rate. This is likely due to antiviral T-cell responses, whose evasion is more difficult to achieve. The present review helps navigating the very large literature on T cell immunity induced by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and vaccination. We examine the successes and shortcomings of the vaccinal protection in the light of the emergence of VOCs with breakthrough potential. SARS-CoV-2 and human beings will likely coexist for a long while: it will be necessary to update existing vaccines to improve T-cell responses and attain better protection against COVID-19. Competing Interests: AN holds a patent on Immune Response Shifter IRSh US patent application no. US 15/431,329 and international patent no. PCT/BR2018/000004 and has filed a second provisional application before the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. MC and PC are co-founders and shareholders of BioVec Pharma. MC is an author of a patent application on VLPs PCT/CA2021/051254. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be constructed as a potential conflict of interest. (Copyright © 2023 Nowill, Caruso and de Campos-Lima.)
Databáze:	MEDLINE
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