Illicit COVID-19 products online: A mixed-method approach for identifying and preventing online health risks.

Autor: Catalani V; School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, United Kingdom., Townshend HD; School of Law, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, United Kingdom., Prilutskaya M; Department of Personalised Medicine, Pavlodar Branch of Semey Medical University, Pavlodar, Kazakhstan., Chilcott RP; School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, United Kingdom., Metastasio A; School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, United Kingdom., Banayoti H; Cybersolace Limited, London, United Kingdom., McSweeney T; School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, United Kingdom., Corazza O; School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, United Kingdom.; Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science, University of Trento, Rovereto, Italy.
Jazyk: angličtina
Zdroj: PloS one [PLoS One] 2023 Jun 16; Vol. 18 (6), pp. e0287231. Date of Electronic Publication: 2023 Jun 16 (Print Publication: 2023).
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0287231
Abstrakt: Aims: The COVID-19 pandemic triggered a demand for vaccines, cures, and the need of related documentation for travel, work and other purposes. Our project aimed to identify the illicit availability of such products across the Dark Web Markets (DWMs).
Methods: A retrospective search for COVID-19 related products was carried out across 118 DWMs since the start of the pandemic (March 2020-October 2021). Data on vendors as well as advertised goods such as asking price, marketplace, listed date were collected and further validated through additional searches on the open web to verify the information relating to specific marketplaces. Both quantitative and qualitative methods were used for data analysis.
Results: Forty-two listings of unlicenced COVID-19 cures and vaccination certificates were identified across 8 marketplaces sold by 25 vendors with significant variation in prices. The listings were found to be geographically specific and followed the progression of the pandemic in terms of availability. Correlations between vendor portfolios of COVID-19 products and variety of goods of other illicit nature such as illegal weaponry, medication/drugs of abuse also emerged from our analysis.
Conclusion: This study is one of the first attempts to identify the availability of unlicenced COVID-19 products on DWMs. The easy accessibility to vaccines, fake test certificates and hypothetical/illegal cures poses serious health risks to (potential) buyers due to the uncontrolled nature of such products. It also exposes buyers to an unwanted contact with vendors selling a variety of other dangerous illicit goods. Further monitoring and regulatory responses should be implemented to protect the health and safety of citizens especially at times of global crisis.
Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist
(Copyright: © 2023 Catalani et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.)
Databáze: MEDLINE
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