Impact of loss functions on the performance of a deep neural network designed to restore low-dose digital mammography.

Autor: Shan H; Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-inspired Intelligence and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Center for Brain Science and Brain-inspired Technology, Shanghai, China; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, USA. Electronic address: hmshan@fudan.edu.cn., Vimieiro RB; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, USA; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, Brazil. Electronic address: rodrigo.vimieiro@usp.br., Borges LR; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, Brazil; Real Time Tomography, LLC, Villanova, USA. Electronic address: lucas.borges@realtimetomography.com., Vieira MAC; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, Brazil. Electronic address: mvieira@sc.usp.br., Wang G; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, USA. Electronic address: wangg6@rpi.edu.
Jazyk: angličtina
Zdroj: Artificial intelligence in medicine [Artif Intell Med] 2023 Aug; Vol. 142, pp. 102555. Date of Electronic Publication: 2023 Apr 28.
DOI: 10.1016/j.artmed.2023.102555
Abstrakt: Digital mammography is currently the most common imaging tool for breast cancer screening. Although the benefits of using digital mammography for cancer screening outweigh the risks associated with the x-ray exposure, the radiation dose must be kept as low as possible while maintaining the diagnostic utility of the generated images, thus minimizing patient risks. Many studies investigated the feasibility of dose reduction by restoring low-dose images using deep neural networks. In these cases, choosing the appropriate training database and loss function is crucial and impacts the quality of the results. In this work, we used a standard residual network (ResNet) to restore low-dose digital mammography images and evaluated the performance of several loss functions. For training purposes, we extracted 256,000 image patches from a dataset of 400 images of retrospective clinical mammography exams, where dose reduction factors of 75% and 50% were simulated to generate low and standard-dose pairs. We validated the network in a real scenario by using a physical anthropomorphic breast phantom to acquire real low-dose and standard full-dose images in a commercially available mammography system, which were then processed through our trained model. We benchmarked our results against an analytical restoration model for low-dose digital mammography. Objective assessment was performed through the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and the mean normalized squared error (MNSE), decomposed into residual noise and bias. Statistical tests revealed that the use of the perceptual loss (PL4) resulted in statistically significant differences when compared to all other loss functions. Additionally, images restored using the PL4 achieved the closest residual noise to the standard dose. On the other hand, perceptual loss PL3, structural similarity index (SSIM) and one of the adversarial losses achieved the lowest bias for both dose reduction factors. The source code of our deep neural network is available at https://github.com/WANG-AXIS/LdDMDenoising.
Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
(Copyright © 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)
Databáze: MEDLINE
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