Meaning of the Skulls Depicted in Emblem Books of the 17th Century.

Autor:	Hwang SW; Department of Plastic, Reconstructive Microsurgery, and Hand Surgery, Kyrgyz State Medical Academy, and National Hospital of Kyrgyzstan, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan., Tukeshov SK; Department of Plastic, Reconstructive Microsurgery, and Hand Surgery, Kyrgyz State Medical Academy, and National Hospital of Kyrgyzstan, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan., Hwang K; Department of Plastic Surgery, Armed Forces Capital Hospital, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-City, Gyeonggi-do, and Ewha Medical Academy, Ewha Womans University Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
Jazyk:	angličtina
Zdroj:	The Journal of craniofacial surgery [J Craniofac Surg] 2023 Oct 01; Vol. 34 (7), pp. 2199-2200. Date of Electronic Publication: 2023 May 26.
DOI:	10.1097/SCS.0000000000009424
Abstrakt:	The aim of this study is to elucidate the meaning of the skulls depicted in emblem books of the 17th century. Three emblem books of the 17th century were reviewed and analyzed: (1) Rollenhagen emblem: Gabrielis Rollenhagii Selectorum emblematum centuria secunda (1613), (2) Quarles' emblems; illustrations engraved by William Marshall and others (1635), and (3) Wither's emblem: A collection of emblemes, ancient and moderne: quickened with metricall illustrations, both morall and divine: and disposed into lotteries (1635). Among the 100 illustrations in Rollenhagen's book, 4 (4.0%) had skulls. Among the 76 illustrations in Quarles' book, 6 (7.9%) had skulls. Among the 256 illustrations in Wither's book, 12 (4.7%) had skulls. Thereafter, 22 (5.1%) of 432 illustrations had skulls. Four emblems in Rollenhagen's book were exactly identical to those in Wither's book. Therefore, 18 emblems (6 Quarles' emblem, 12 Wither's emblem) were analyzed. The most frequent meaning of skulls in 18 emblems was death (12, 66.7%), followed by resurrection (2, 11.2%). Other meanings were grief, the brevity of life, vanity of love, and pain, respectively (1 each). The most frequent of the theme of the emblems, which included skulls, was 'Memento mori' (remember death, 6, 33.3%), followed by an earnest desire for salvation or resurrection (3, 16.7%), and importance of knowledge or learning (2, 11.1%). Since these emblem books were published after Vesalius' Fabrica (1543), the drawing of the bones of the arm and legs had anatomic correlations. However, skulls were not sufficiently precise, showing each part of the facial bones. Competing Interests: The authors report no conflicts of interest. (Copyright © 2023 by Mutaz B. Habal, MD.)
Databáze:	MEDLINE
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