| Autor: |
Sarmiento LF; Laboratory of Neuroscience and Behavior, Federal University from Pará, Belém 66050-160, Brazil., Ríos-Flórez JA; Neuroanatomy Laboratory, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59078-970, Brazil.; Department of Psychology, Politécnico Grancolombiano University Institution, Medellín 745220, Colombia., Paez-Ardila HA; Laboratory of Neuroscience and Behavior, Federal University from Pará, Belém 66050-160, Brazil.; Department of Psychology, Universidad Manuela Beltran, Bucaramanga 680004, Colombia., Lima de Sousa PS; Laboratory of Neuroscience and Behavior, Federal University from Pará, Belém 66050-160, Brazil., Olivera-La Rosa A; Department of Psychological and Social Sciences, Universidad Católica Luis Amigó, Medellín 050034, Colombia.; Human Evolution and Cognition Group, University of the Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain., Oliveira da Silva AMH; Laboratory of Experimental Neuropharmacology, Federal University from Pará, Belém 66050-160, Brazil., Gouveia A Jr; Laboratory of Neuroscience and Behavior, Federal University from Pará, Belém 66050-160, Brazil. |
| Abstrakt: |
Temporal discounting is a phenomenon where a reward loses its value as a function of time (e.g., a reward is more valuable immediately than when it delays in time). This is a type of intertemporal decision-making that has an association with impulsivity and self-control. Many pathologies exhibit higher discounting rates, meaning they discount more the values of rewards, such as addictive behaviors, bipolar disorder, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorders, social anxiety disorders, and major depressive disorder, among others; thus, many studies look for the mechanism and neuromodulators of these decisions. This systematic review aims to investigate the association between pharmacological administration and changes in temporal discounting. A search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Science Direct and Cochrane. We used the PICO strategy: healthy humans (P-Participants) that received a pharmacological administration (I-Intervention) and the absence of a pharmacological administration or placebo (C-Comparison) to analyze the relationship between the pharmacological administration and the temporal discounting (O-outcome). Nineteen studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The most important findings were the involvement of dopamine modulation in a U-shape for choosing the delayed outcome (metoclopradime, haloperidol, and amisulpride). Furthermore, administration of tolcapone and high doses of d-amphetamine produced a preference for the delayed option. There was a time-dependent hydrocortisone effect in the preference for the immediate reward. Thus, it can be concluded that dopamine is a crucial modulator for temporal discounting, especially the D2 receptor, and cortisol also has an important time-dependent role in this type of decision. One of the limitations of this systematic review is the heterogeneity of the drugs used to assess the effect of temporal discounting. |
