| Autor: |
Yang LL; Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden.; Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden.; Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China., Stiernborg M; Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden.; Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden., Skott E; Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden.; Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden.; PRIMA Child and Adult Psychiatry Stockholm AB, 163 74 Rinkeby, Sweden., Xu J; Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden.; Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden., Wu Y; Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden., Landberg R; Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden., Arefin S; Division of Renal Medicine, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention & Technology, Karolinska Institutet, 141 52 Huddinge, Sweden., Kublickiene K; Division of Renal Medicine, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention & Technology, Karolinska Institutet, 141 52 Huddinge, Sweden., Millischer V; Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden.; Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden.; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria., Nilsson IAK; Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden.; Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden., Schalling M; Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden.; Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden., Giacobini M; Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden.; Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden.; PRIMA Child and Adult Psychiatry Stockholm AB, 163 74 Rinkeby, Sweden., Lavebratt C; Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden.; Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden. |
| Abstrakt: |
Synbiotic 2000, a pre + probiotic, reduced comorbid autistic traits and emotion dysregulation in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) patients. Immune activity and bacteria-derived short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are microbiota-gut-brain axis mediators. The aim was to investigate Synbiotic 2000 effects on plasma levels of immune activity markers and SCFAs in children and adults with ADHD. ADHD patients (n = 182) completed the 9-week intervention with Synbiotic 2000 or placebo and 156 provided blood samples. Healthy adult controls (n = 57) provided baseline samples. At baseline, adults with ADHD had higher pro-inflammatory sICAM-1 and sVCAM-1 and lower SCFA levels than controls. Children with ADHD had higher baseline sICAM-1, sVCAM-1, IL-12/IL-23p40, IL-2Rα, and lower formic, acetic, and propionic acid levels than adults with ADHD. sICAM-1, sVCAM-1, and propionic acid levels were more abnormal in children on medication. Synbiotic 2000, compared to placebo, reduced IL-12/IL-23p40 and sICAM-1 and increased propionic acid levels in children on medication. SCFAs correlated negatively with sICAM-1 and sVCAM-1. Preliminary human aortic smooth-muscle-cell experiments indicated that SCFAs protected against IL-1β-induced ICAM-1 expression. These findings suggest that treatment with Synbiotic 2000 reduces IL12/IL-23p40 and sICAM-1 and increases propionic acid levels in children with ADHD. Propionic acid, together with formic and acetic acid, may contribute to the lowering of the higher-than-normal sICAM-1 levels. |
