Ready for handwriting? A reference data study on handwriting readiness assessments.

Autor: Haberfehlner H; Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven, Campus Bruges, Bruges, Belgium., de Vries L; Research Group Occupational Therapy, Urban Vitality, Centre of Expertise, Faculty of Health, Amsterdam University of Applied Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.; Occupational Therapy Programme, Hanze University of Applied Sciences, Groningen, The Netherlands., Cup EHC; Department of Rehabilitation, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands., de Groot IJM; Department of Rehabilitation, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands., Nijhuis-van der Sanden MWG; Research Institute for Health Sciences, IQ healthcare, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands., van Hartingsveldt MJ; Research Group Occupational Therapy, Urban Vitality, Centre of Expertise, Faculty of Health, Amsterdam University of Applied Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Jazyk: angličtina
Zdroj: PloS one [PLoS One] 2023 Mar 03; Vol. 18 (3), pp. e0282497. Date of Electronic Publication: 2023 Mar 03 (Print Publication: 2023).
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0282497
Abstrakt: Introduction: Early evaluation of writing readiness is essential to predict and prevent handwriting difficulties and its negative influences on school occupations. An occupation-based measurement for kindergarten children has been previously developed: Writing Readiness Inventory Tool In Context (WRITIC). In addition, to assess fine motor coordination two tests are frequently used in children with handwriting difficulties: the modified Timed Test of In-Hand Manipulation (Timed TIHM) and the Nine-Hole Peg Test (9-HPT). However, no Dutch reference data are available.
Aim: To provide reference data for (1) WRITIC, (2) Timed-TIHM and (3) 9-HPT for handwriting readiness assessment in kindergarten children.
Methods: Three hundred and seventy-four children from Dutch kindergartens in the age of 5 to 6.5 years (5.6±0.4 years, 190 boys/184 girls) participated in the study. Children were recruited at Dutch kindergartens. Full classes of the last year were tested, children were excluded if there was a medical diagnosis such as a visual, auditory, motor or intellectual impairment that hinder handwriting performance. Descriptive statistics and percentiles scores were calculated. The score of the WRITIC (possible score 0-48 points) and the performance time on the Timed-TIHM and 9-HPT are classified as percentile scores lower than the 15th percentile to distinguish low performance from adequate performance. The percentile scores can be used to identify children that are possibly at risk developing handwriting difficulties in first grade.
Results: WRITIC scores ranged from 23 to 48 (41±4.4), Timed-TIHM ranged from 17.9 to 64.5 seconds (31.4± 7.4 seconds) and 9-HPT ranged from 18.2 to 48.3 seconds (28.4± 5.4). A WRITIC score between 0-36, a performance time of more than 39.6 seconds on the Timed-TIHM and more than 33.8 seconds on the 9-HPT were classified as low performance.
Conclusion: The reference data of the WRITIC allow to assess which children are possibly at risk developing handwriting difficulties.
Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
(Copyright: © 2023 Haberfehlner et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.)
Databáze: MEDLINE
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