Difficulty-as-Improvement: The Courage to Keep Going in the Face of Life's Difficulties.
| Autor: | Yan VX; The University of Texas at Austin, USA., Oyserman D; University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA., Kiper G; University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA., Atari M; University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA. |
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| Jazyk: | angličtina |
| Zdroj: | Personality & social psychology bulletin [Pers Soc Psychol Bull] 2024 Jul; Vol. 50 (7), pp. 1006-1022. Date of Electronic Publication: 2023 Mar 02. |
| DOI: | 10.1177/01461672231153680 |
| Abstrakt: | When a task or goal is hard to think about or do, people can infer that it is a waste of their time (difficulty-as-impossibility) or valuable to them (difficulty-as-importance). Separate from chosen tasks and goals, life can present unchosen difficulties. Building on identity-based motivation theory, people can see these as opportunities for self-betterment (difficulty-as-improvement). People use this language when they recall or communicate about difficulties (autobiographical memories, Study 1; "Common Crawl" corpus, Study 2). Our difficulty mindset measures are culture-general (Australia, Canada, China, India, Iran, New Zealand, Turkey, the United States, Studies 3-15, N = 3,532). People in Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, Democratic (WEIRD)-er countries slightly agree with difficulty-as-improvement. Religious, spiritual, conservative people, believers in karma and a just world, and people from less-WEIRD countries score higher. People who endorse difficulty-as-importance see themselves as conscientious, virtuous, and leading lives of purpose. So do endorsers of difficulty-as-improvement-who also see themselves as optimists (all scores lower for difficulty-as-impossibility endorsers). Competing Interests: Declaration of Conflicting InterestsThe author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. |
| Databáze: | MEDLINE |
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