| Autor: |
Turner AD; Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Barrack Road, Weymouth DT4 8UB, UK., Beach DG; Biotoxin Metrology, National Research Council Canada, Halifax, NS B3H 3Z1, Canada., Foss A; Greenwater Laboratories, 205 Zeagler Drive, Suite 302, Palatka, FL 32177, USA., Samdal IA; Norwegian Veterinary Institute, 1431 Ås, Norway., Løvberg KLE; Norwegian Veterinary Institute, 1431 Ås, Norway., Waack J; Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Barrack Road, Weymouth DT4 8UB, UK.; CyanoSol, School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen AB10 7GJ, UK., Edwards C; CyanoSol, School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen AB10 7GJ, UK., Lawton LA; CyanoSol, School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen AB10 7GJ, UK., Dean KJ; Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Barrack Road, Weymouth DT4 8UB, UK., Maskrey BH; Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Barrack Road, Weymouth DT4 8UB, UK., Lewis AM; Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Barrack Road, Weymouth DT4 8UB, UK. |
| Abstrakt: |
Microcystins and nodularins, produced naturally by certain species of cyanobacteria, have been found to accumulate in aquatic foodstuffs such as fish and shellfish, resulting in a risk to the health of the seafood consumer. Monitoring of toxins in such organisms for risk management purposes requires the availability of certified matrix reference materials to aid method development, validation and routine quality assurance. This study consequently targeted the preparation of a mussel tissue reference material incurred with a range of microcystin analogues and nodularins. Nine targeted analogues were incorporated into the material as confirmed through liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), with an additional 15 analogues detected using LC coupled to non-targeted high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS). Toxins in the reference material and additional source tissues were quantified using LC-MS/MS, two different enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) methods and with an oxidative-cleavage method quantifying 3-methoxy-2-methyl-4-phenylbutyric acid (MMPB). Correlations between the concentrations quantified using the different methods were variable, likely relating to differences in assay cross-reactivities and differences in the abilities of each method to detect bound toxins. A consensus concentration of total soluble toxins determined from the four independent test methods was 2425 ± 575 µg/kg wet weight. A mean 43 ± 9% of bound toxins were present in addition to the freely extractable soluble form (57 ± 9%). The reference material produced was homogenous and stable when stored in the freezer for six months without any post-production stabilization applied. Consequently, a cyanotoxin shellfish reference material has been produced which demonstrates the feasibility of developing certified seafood matrix reference materials for a large range of cyanotoxins and could provide a valuable future resource for cyanotoxin risk monitoring, management and mitigation. |
