| Autor: |
Rubio C; Toxicology Department, Pharmacy and Health Sciences Faculties, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), 38071 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain., Cámara M; Nutrition and Food Science Department, Pharmacy Faculty, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Plaza Ramón y Cajal, s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain., Giner RM; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Spain., González-Muñoz MJ; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Toxicology Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, 28871 Madrid, Spain., López-García E; Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain/IdiPAZ, CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), 28029 Madrid, Spain., Morales FJ; Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN-CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain., Moreno-Arribas MV; Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL), CSIC-UAM, 28049 Madrid, Spain., Portillo MP; Nutrition and Obesity Group, Department of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain.; CIBERobn Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, Institute of Health Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain.; BIOARABA Institute of Health, 01009 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain., Bethencourt E; Elena Bethencourt Barbuzano, Toxicology Department, Pharmacy and Health Sciences Faculties, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), 38071 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain. |
| Abstrakt: |
The consumption of energy drinks (EDs) is increasing globally while the evidence and concern about the potential health risks are also growing. Caffeine (generally 32 mg/100 mL) together with a wide variety of other active components such as taurine (usually 4000 mg/L) and D-glucuronolactone (generally 2400 mg/L) are the main ingredients of EDs. This study aims to assess the exposures to caffeine, taurine and D-glucuronolactone from EDs in various consumption scenarios and consumer profiles and to characterize the risks by evaluating caffeine and taurine intakes with their reference values and by calculating the margin of safety (MOS) for D-glucuronolactone. While the exposure assessment results showed that caffeine intakes from EDs ranged from 80 to 160 mg (1.14-4 mg/kg b.w.) for the considered scenarios, the risk characterization estimated some risks that could be managed with consumption recommendations such as limiting EDs in 40, 60 and 80 kg b.w. consumers to 175, 262.5 and 350 mL, respectively, to prevent sleep disturbances and to 375, 562.5 and 750 mL to prevent general caffeine adverse health risks, respectively. Dietary exposure to D-glucuronolactone from EDs ranged from 600 to 1200 mg (7.5-30 mg/kg b.w.). As D-glucuronolactone MOS ≥ 100 is only observed when EDs consumption is limited to 250 mL, for individuals weighing above 60 kg, some risks were observed in some of the studied scenarios. A taurine exposure from EDs varied from 1000 to 2000 mg (12.5-50 mg/kg b.w.) and consumptions over 500 mL were estimated to generate intakes above the reference value. In conclusion, the management of these risks requires a European legal framework for EDs with maximum limits for the active components, volume size limitations and labeling improvements along with the development of education and awareness programs and risk communication actions in collaboration with the industry and society. |
