| Autor: |
Liao WC; Department of Post Baccalaureate Medicine, College of Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402202, Taiwan., Yao RA; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110301, Taiwan., Chen LY; Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402306, Taiwan., Renn TY; Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan., Klimenkov IV; Department of Cell Ultrastructure, Limnological Institute, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 664033 Irkutsk, Russia., Sudakov NP; Department of Cell Ultrastructure, Limnological Institute, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 664033 Irkutsk, Russia., Mai FD; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110301, Taiwan., Chen YT; Department of Speech Language Pathology and Audiology, College of Health Technology, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taipei 112303, Taiwan., Chang HM; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110301, Taiwan. |
| Abstrakt: |
Visceral pain (VP) is the organ-derived nociception in which increased inflammatory reaction and exaggerated activation of the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) may contribute to this deficiency. Considering the amygdala also serves as the integration center for olfaction, the present study aimed to determine whether olfactory stimulation (OS) would effectively depress over-activation and inflammatory reaction in CeA, and successfully relieve VP-induced abnormalities. Adult rats subjected to intraperitoneal injection of acetic acid inhaled lavender essential oil for 2 or 4 h. The potential benefits of OS were determined by measuring the pro-inflammatory cytokine level, intracellular potassium and the upstream small-conductance calcium-activated potassium (SK) channel expression, together with detecting the stress transmitters that participated in the modulation of CeA activity. Results indicated that in VP rats, strong potassium intensity, reduced SK channel protein level, and increased corticotropin-releasing factor, c-fos, and substance P immuno-reactivities were detected in CeA. Enhanced CeA activation corresponded well with increased inflammatory reaction and decreased locomotion, respectively. However, in rats subjected to VP and received OS, all above parameters were significantly returned to normal levels with higher change detected in treating OS of 4h. As OS successfully depresses inflammation and CeA over-activation, application of OS may serve as an alternative and effective strategy to efficiently relieve VP-induced deficiency. |
