Variation of cerebrospinal fluid in specific regions regulates focality in transcranial direct current stimulation.

Autor:	Kashyap R; Neuroimaging and Interventional Radiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, India.; School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore., Bhattacharjee S; Department of Neurophysiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India.; Psychology, School of Social Sciences (SSS), Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore., Bharath RD; Neuroimaging and Interventional Radiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, India., Venkatasubramanian G; InSTAR Program, Schizophrenia Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, India., Udupa K; Department of Neurophysiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India., Bashir S; Neuroscience Center, King Fahad Specialist Hospital Dammam, Dammam, Saudi Arabia., Oishi K; The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States., Desmond JE; The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States., Chen SHA; Psychology, School of Social Sciences (SSS), Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.; Centre for Research and Development in Learning (CRADLE), Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.; Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine (LKC Medicine), Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.; National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore., Guan C; School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.
Jazyk:	angličtina
Zdroj:	Frontiers in human neuroscience [Front Hum Neurosci] 2022 Sep 02; Vol. 16, pp. 952602. Date of Electronic Publication: 2022 Sep 02 (Print Publication: 2022).
DOI:	10.3389/fnhum.2022.952602
Abstrakt:	Background: Conventionally, transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) aims to focalize the current reaching the target region-of-interest (ROI). The focality can be quantified by the dose-target-determination-index (DTDI). Despite having a uniform tDCS setup, some individuals receive focal stimulation (high DTDI) while others show reduced focality ("non-focal"). The volume of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), gray matter (GM), and white matter (WM) underlying each ROI govern the tDCS current distribution inside the brain, thereby regulating focality. Aim: To determine the regional volume parameters that differentiate the focal and non-focal groups. Methods: T1-weighted images of the brain from 300 age-sex matched adults were divided into three equal groups- (a) Young (20 ≤ × < 40 years), (b) Middle (40 ≤ × < 60 years), and (c) Older (60 ≤ × < 80 years). For each group, inter and intra-hemispheric montages with electrodes at (1) F3 and right supraorbital region (F3-RSO), and (2) CP5 and Cz (CP5-Cz) were simulated, targeting the left- Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex (DLPFC) and -Inferior Parietal Lobule (IPL), respectively. Both montages were simulated for two current doses (1 and 2 mA). For each individual head simulated for a tDCS configuration (montage and dose), the current density at each region-of-interest (ROI) and their DTDI were calculated. The individuals were categorized into two groups- (1) Focal (DTDI ≥ 0.75), and (2) Non-focal (DTDI < 0.75). The regional volume of CSF, GM, and WM of all the ROIs was determined. For each tDCS configuration and ROI, three 3-way analysis of variance was performed considering- (i) GM, (ii) WM, and (iii) CSF as the dependent variable (DV). The age group, sex, and focality group were the between-subject factors. For a given ROI, if any of the 3 DV's showed a significant main effect or interaction involving the focality group, then that ROI was classified as a "focal ROI." Results: Regional CSF was the principal determinant of focality. For interhemispheric F3-RSO montage, interaction effect ( p < 0.05) of age and focality was observed at Left Caudate Nucleus, with the focal group exhibiting higher CSF volume. The CSF volume of focal ROI correlated positively ( r ∼ 0.16, p < 0.05) with the current density at the target ROI (DLPFC). For intrahemispheric CP5-Cz montage, a significant ( p < 0.05) main effect was observed at the left pre- and post-central gyrus, with the focal group showing lower CSF volume. The CSF volume correlated negatively ( r ∼ -0.16, p < 0.05) with current density at left IPL. The results were consistent for both current doses. Conclusion: The CSF channels the flow of tDCS current between electrodes with focal ROIs acting like reservoirs of current. The position of focal ROI in the channel determines the stimulation intensity at the target ROI. For focal stimulation in interhemispheric F3-RSO, the proximity of focal ROI reserves the current density at the target ROI (DLPFC). In contrast, for intrahemispheric montage (CP5-Cz), the far-end location of focal ROI reduces the current density at the target (IPL). Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. (Copyright © 2022 Kashyap, Bhattacharjee, Bharath, Venkatasubramanian, Udupa, Bashir, Oishi, Desmond, Chen and Guan.)
Databáze:	MEDLINE
Externí odkaz:	Zobrazit plný text záznamu