Assessment of a regulatory measurement system for the determination of the non-volatile particulate matter emissions from commercial aircraft engines.

Autor: Kinsey JS; Formerly U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA., Giannelli R; U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Transportation and Air Quality, National Vehicle and Fuels Emissions Laboratory, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, USA., Howard R; QuantiTech, Inc. (Formerly Aerospace Testing Alliance), Arnold Engineering Development Complex, Arnold Air Force Base, TN, 37389, USA., Hoffman B; U. S. Air Force, Wright Patterson Air Force Base, OH (Formerly Arnold Engineering Development Complex), Arnold Air Force Base, TN, 37389, USA., Frazee R; Singularity Scientific, Whitmore Lake, MI 48189 (Formerly AVL-North America), Plymouth, MI, 48170, USA., Aldridge M; U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Transportation and Air Quality, National Vehicle and Fuels Emissions Laboratory, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, USA., Leggett C; U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Transportation and Air Quality, National Vehicle and Fuels Emissions Laboratory, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, USA., Stevens K; Honeywell Aerospace, Phoenix, AZ (Formerly Aerospace Testing Alliance), Arnold Engineering Development Complex, Arnold Air Force Base, TN, 37389, USA., Kittelson D; University of Minnesota, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA., Silvis W; WMS Engineering, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 (Formerly AVL-North America), Plymouth, MI, 48170, USA., Stevens J; U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Transportation and Air Quality, National Vehicle and Fuels Emissions Laboratory, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, USA., Lobo P; National Research Council-Canada, Ottawa, CANADA (Formerly Missouri University of Science and Technology), USA., Achterberg S; Missouri University of Science and Technology, Center for Excellence for Aerospace Particulate Emissions Reduction Research, Rolla, MO, 65409, USA., Swanson J; University of Minnesota, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA., Thomson K; National Research Council-Canada, Ottawa, Canada., McArthur T; Formerly ARCADIS-U. S., Durham, NC, 27709, USA., Hagen D; Missouri University of Science and Technology, Center for Excellence for Aerospace Particulate Emissions Reduction Research, Rolla, MO, 65409, USA., Trueblood M; Missouri University of Science and Technology, Center for Excellence for Aerospace Particulate Emissions Reduction Research, Rolla, MO, 65409, USA., Wolff L; Formerly Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, 02467, USA., Liscinsky D; Formerly United Technologies Research Center, East Hartford, CT, 06108, USA., Arey R; Deceased (Formerly GE Aviation), Cincinnati, OH, 45215, USA., Cerully K; Formerly TSI, Inc., Shoreview, MN, 55126, USA., Miake-Lye R; Aerodyne Research, Inc., Billerica, MA, 01821, USA., Onasch T; Aerodyne Research, Inc., Billerica, MA, 01821, USA., Freedman A; Aerodyne Research, Inc., Billerica, MA, 01821, USA., Bachalo W; Artium Technologies, Sunnyvale, CA, 94085, USA., Payne G; Artium Technologies, Sunnyvale, CA, 94085, USA., Durlicki M; Formerly ARCADIS-U. S., Durham, NC, 27709, USA.
Jazyk: angličtina
Zdroj: Journal of aerosol science [J Aerosol Sci] 2021 May; Vol. 154, pp. 1-16.
DOI: 10.1016/j.jaerosci.2020.105734
Abstrakt: The SAE International has published Aerospace Information Report (AIR) 6241 which outlined the design and operation of a standardized measurement system for measuring non-volatile particulate matter (nvPM) mass and number emissions from commercial aircraft engines. Prior to this research, evaluation of this system by various investigators revealed differences in nvPM mass emissions measurement on the order of 15-30% both within a single sampling system and between two systems operating in parallel and measuring nvPM mass emissions from the same source. To investigate this issue, the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency in collaboration with the U. S. Air Force's Arnold Engineering Development Complex initiated the VAriable Response In Aircraft nvPM Testing (VARIAnT) research program to compare nvPM measurements within and between AIR-compliant sampling systems used for measuring combustion aerosols generated both by a 5201 Mini-CAST soot generator and a J85-GE-5 turbojet engine burning multiple fuels. The VARIAnT research program has conducted four test campaigns to date. The first campaign (VARIAnT 1) compared two essentially identical commercial versions of the sampling system while the second campaign (VARIAnT 2) compared a commercial system to the custom-designed Missouri University of Science and Technology's North American Reference System (NARS) built to the same specifications. Comparisons of nvPM particle mass (i.e., black carbon), number, and size were conducted in both campaigns. Additionally, the sensitivity to variation in system operational parameters was evaluated in VARIAnT 1. Results from both campaigns revealed agreement of about 12% between the two sampling systems, irrespective of manufacturer, in all aspects except for black carbon determination. The major source of measurement differences (20-70%) was due to low BC mass measurements made by the Artium Technologies LII-300 as compared to the AVL 483 Micro-Soot Sensor, the Aerodyne Cavity Attenuated Phase Shift (CAPS PM SSA ) monitor, and the thermal-optical reference method for elemental carbon (EC) determination, which was used as the BC reference.
Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: Richard Miake-Lye and Timothy Onash are employees of Aerodyne Research, Billerica, MA which is the instrument manufacturer of the CAPS PMSSA. William Bachalo is the president and CEO and Gregory Payne is an employee of ArtiumTechnologies, Inc. Sunnyvale, CA which is the instrument manufacturer of the LII-300. William Silvis and Richard Frazee were employees of AVL List GmbH, Graz, AT during the test campaign and through part of the data analysis. They were not employed by AVL during the time of the writing of this paper.
Databáze: MEDLINE
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