Host and Clostridioides difficile-Response Modulated by Micronutrients and Glutamine: An Overview.

Autor:	Loureiro AV; Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil., Barbosa MLL; Department of Morphology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil., Morais MLGS; Department of Morphology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil., Souza IP; Department of Morphology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil., Terceiro LS; Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil., Martins CS; Department of Morphology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil., Sousa APR; Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil., Leitão RFC; Department of Morphology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil., Shin JH; Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, VA, United States., Warren CA; Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, VA, United States., Costa DVS; Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, VA, United States., Brito GAC; Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil.; Department of Morphology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil.; Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil.
Jazyk:	angličtina
Zdroj:	Frontiers in nutrition [Front Nutr] 2022 Jun 20; Vol. 9, pp. 849301. Date of Electronic Publication: 2022 Jun 20 (Print Publication: 2022).
DOI:	10.3389/fnut.2022.849301
Abstrakt:	Changes in intestinal microbiota are integral to development of Clostridioides difficile ( C. difficile )-associated nosocomial diarrhea. Certain diets, especially Western diets, increase susceptibility to C. difficile infection (CDI). Here, we discuss recent findings regarding how nutrients modulate response of the host and C. difficile during infection. Calcium has a role in the sporulation and germination process. Selenium is effective in reducing the total amount of C. difficile toxin A (TcdA) and toxin B (TcdB) and in decreasing its cytotoxicity. In addition, selenium phosphate synthetase deficiency reduces C. difficile growth and spore production. On the other hand, iron has a dual role in C. difficile growth. For instance, high intracellular levels can generate reactive hydroxyl radicals, whereas low levels can reduce its growth. In humans, zinc deficiency appears to be related to the recurrence of CDI, in contrast, in the CDI model in mice a diet rich in zinc increased the toxin's activity. Low vitamin D levels contribute to C. difficile colonization, toxin production, and inflammation. Furthermore, glutamine appears to protect intestinal epithelial cells from the deleterious effects of TcdA and TcdB. In conclusion, nutrients play an important role in modulating host and pathogen response. However, further studies are needed to better understand the mechanisms and address some controversies. Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. (Copyright © 2022 Loureiro, Barbosa, Morais, Souza, Terceiro, Martins, Sousa, Leitão, Shin, Warren, Costa and Brito.)
Databáze:	MEDLINE
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