A functional definition to distinguish ponds from lakes and wetlands.

Autor: Richardson DC; Biology Department, State University of New York at New Paltz, New Paltz, NY, USA. richardsond@newpaltz.edu., Holgerson MA; Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA., Farragher MJ; School of Biology and Ecology, Climate Change Institute, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA., Hoffman KK; Departments of Biology and Environmental Studies, St. Olaf College, Northfield, MN, USA., King KBS; Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA., Alfonso MB; Instituto Argentino de Oceanografía (IADO), Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS)-CONICET, Florida 8000, Complejo CCT CONICET Bahía Blanca, Edificio E1, B8000BFW, Bahía Blanca, Argentina., Andersen MR; Centre for Freshwater and Environmental Studies, Dundalk Institute of Technology, Dundalk, Ireland., Cheruveil KS; Department of Fisheries and Wildlife and the Lyman Briggs College, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA., Coleman KA; Department of Geography, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada., Farruggia MJ; Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA., Fernandez RL; National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Cordoba, Argentina., Hondula KL; Battelle, National Ecological Observatory Network (NEON), Boulder, CO, USA., López Moreira Mazacotte GA; Department of Ecohydrology and Biogeochemistry, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Müggelseedamm 310, 12587, Berlin, Germany., Paul K; Biology Department, State University of New York at New Paltz, New Paltz, NY, USA., Peierls BL; Lakes Environmental Association, Bridgton, ME, USA., Rabaey JS; Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, St. Paul, MN, USA., Sadro S; Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA., Sánchez ML; CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina., Smyth RL; Environmental and Urban Studies, Bard College, Annandale-on-Hudson, NY, USA., Sweetman JN; Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, Penn State University, University College, PA, USA.
Jazyk: angličtina
Zdroj: Scientific reports [Sci Rep] 2022 Jun 21; Vol. 12 (1), pp. 10472. Date of Electronic Publication: 2022 Jun 21.
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-14569-0
Abstrakt: Ponds are often identified by their small size and shallow depths, but the lack of a universal evidence-based definition hampers science and weakens legal protection. Here, we compile existing pond definitions, compare ecosystem metrics (e.g., metabolism, nutrient concentrations, and gas fluxes) among ponds, wetlands, and lakes, and propose an evidence-based pond definition. Compiled definitions often mentioned surface area and depth, but were largely qualitative and variable. Government legislation rarely defined ponds, despite commonly using the term. Ponds, as defined in published studies, varied in origin and hydroperiod and were often distinct from lakes and wetlands in water chemistry. We also compared how ecosystem metrics related to three variables often seen in waterbody definitions: waterbody size, maximum depth, and emergent vegetation cover. Most ecosystem metrics (e.g., water chemistry, gas fluxes, and metabolism) exhibited nonlinear relationships with these variables, with average threshold changes at 3.7 ± 1.8 ha (median: 1.5 ha) in surface area, 5.8 ± 2.5 m (median: 5.2 m) in depth, and 13.4 ± 6.3% (median: 8.2%) emergent vegetation cover. We use this evidence and prior definitions to define ponds as waterbodies that are small (< 5 ha), shallow (< 5 m), with < 30% emergent vegetation and we highlight areas for further study near these boundaries. This definition will inform the science, policy, and management of globally abundant and ecologically significant pond ecosystems.
(© 2022. The Author(s).)
Databáze: MEDLINE
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