| Autor: |
Lannutti L; Instituto de Patobiología Veterinaria (IPVET), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (INTA-CONICET), Hurlingham 1686, Argentina.; Escuela Superior de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad de Morón (UM), Morón 1708, Argentina.; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires 1917, Argentina., Gonzales FN; Instituto de Virología e Innovaciones Tecnológicas (IVIT), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (INTA-CONICET), Hurlingham 1686, Argentina., Dus Santos MJ; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires 1917, Argentina.; Instituto de Virología e Innovaciones Tecnológicas (IVIT), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (INTA-CONICET), Hurlingham 1686, Argentina., Florin-Christensen M; Instituto de Patobiología Veterinaria (IPVET), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (INTA-CONICET), Hurlingham 1686, Argentina.; Escuela Superior de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad de Morón (UM), Morón 1708, Argentina.; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires 1917, Argentina., Schnittger L; Instituto de Patobiología Veterinaria (IPVET), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (INTA-CONICET), Hurlingham 1686, Argentina.; Escuela Superior de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad de Morón (UM), Morón 1708, Argentina.; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires 1917, Argentina. |
| Abstrakt: |
The honeybee Apis mellifera is highly appreciated worldwide because of its products, but also as it is a pollinator of crops and wild plants. The beehive is vulnerable to infections due to arthropods, fungi, protozoa, bacteria and/or viruses that manage to by-pass the individual and social immune mechanisms of bees. Due to the close proximity of bees in the beehive and their foraging habits, infections easily spread within and between beehives. Moreover, international trade of bees has caused the global spread of infections, several of which result in significant losses for apiculture. Only in a few cases can infections be diagnosed with the naked eye, by direct observation of the pathogen in the case of some arthropods, or by pathogen-associated distinctive traits. Development of molecular methods based on the amplification and analysis of one or more genes or genomic segments has brought significant progress to the study of bee pathogens, allowing for: (i) the precise and sensitive identification of the infectious agent; (ii) the analysis of co-infections; (iii) the description of novel species; (iv) associations between geno- and pheno-types and (v) population structure studies. Sequencing of bee pathogen genomes has allowed for the identification of new molecular targets and the development of specific genotypification strategies. |
