Accounting for direct and indirect cumulative effects of anthropogenic pressures on salmon- and herring-linked land and ocean ecosystems.

Autor:	Tulloch VJD; Conservation Decisions Laboratory, Department of Forest and Conservation Science, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada., Adams MS; Conservation Decisions Laboratory, Department of Forest and Conservation Science, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada., Martin TG; Conservation Decisions Laboratory, Department of Forest and Conservation Science, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada., Tulloch AIT; School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia., Martone R; Ministry of Forests, Lands, Natural Resource Operations, and Rural Development, Coast Region, Province of British Columbia, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada., Avery-Gomm S; Environment and Climate Change Canada, Science and Technology Branch, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada., Murray CC; Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Institute of Ocean Sciences, Sidney, British Columbia, Canada.
Jazyk:	angličtina
Zdroj:	Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences [Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci] 2022 Jul 04; Vol. 377 (1854), pp. 20210130. Date of Electronic Publication: 2022 May 16.
DOI:	10.1098/rstb.2021.0130
Abstrakt:	Salmon and herring support both land and ocean predators and are critical to ecosystem resilience. Their linkages across land and sea realms make them highly susceptible to human activities, which can have flow-on effects up the food web. We quantify and compare the potential cumulative effects of human-driven pressures on interdependent species in salmon- and herring-linked ecosystems of western Canada using a risk assessment methodology. Adding indirect risks resulted in 68% greater total risks for land species than for direct risk alone, versus 15% for marine species. Inclusion of climate change pressures resulted in the greatest change in risk for low trophic marine species and habitats (greater than 25% increase). Forestry-related pressures accounted for the highest risk to all species and projected management of these pressures resulted in a total reduction of risk across all ecosystem components that was more than 14% greater than management of fisheries pressures. Ignoring land food web linkages and pressures underestimated cumulative risk by more than 40% for salmon and herring. This simple framework can be used to evaluate potential risk of existing human uses and future change to inform immediate management of linked land-sea ecosystems and help species avoid the 'death by a thousand cuts'. This article is part of the theme issue 'Nurturing resilient marine ecosystems'.
Databáze:	MEDLINE
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