Autor: |
Malyarchuk AB; Center for Genetics and Genetic Technologies, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119234, Russia. a_malyarchuk98@mail.ru., Andreeva TV; Center for Genetics and Genetic Technologies, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119234, Russia.; Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119333, Russia., Kuznetsova IL; Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119333, Russia.; Center for Genetics and Life Science, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sochi, 354340, Russia., Kunizheva SS; Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119333, Russia.; Center for Genetics and Life Science, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sochi, 354340, Russia., Protasova MS; Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119333, Russia., Uralsky LI; Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119333, Russia.; Center for Genetics and Life Science, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sochi, 354340, Russia., Tyazhelova TV; Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119333, Russia., Gusev FE; Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119333, Russia., Manakhov AD; Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119333, Russia.; Center for Genetics and Life Science, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sochi, 354340, Russia., Rogaev EI; Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119333, Russia. rogaev@vigg.ru.; Center for Genetics and Life Science, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sochi, 354340, Russia.; Department of Psychiatry, UMass Chan Medical School, Shrewsbury, MA 01545, USA. |
Abstrakt: |
Paleogenomics is one of the urgent and promising areas of interdisciplinary research in the today's world science. New genomic methods of ancient DNA (aDNA) analysis, such as next generation sequencing (NGS) technologies, make it possible not only to obtain detailed genetic information about historical and prehistoric human populations, but also to study individual microbial and viral pathogens and microbiomes from different ancient and historical objects. Studies of aDNA of pathogens by reconstructing their genomes have so far yielded complete sequences of the ancient pathogens that played significant role in the history of the world: Yersinia pestis (plague), Variola virus (smallpox), Vibrio cholerae (cholera), HBV (hepatitis B virus), as well as the equally important endemic human infectious agents: Mycobacterium tuberculosis (tuberculosis), Mycobacterium leprae (leprosy), and Treponema pallidum (syphilis). Genomic data from these pathogens complemented the information previously obtained by paleopathologists and allowed not only to identify pathogens from the past pandemics, but also to recognize the pathogen lineages that are now extinct, to refine chronology of the pathogen appearance in human populations, and to reconstruct evolutionary history of the pathogens that are still relevant to public health today. In this review, we describe state-of-the-art genomic research of the origins and evolution of many ancient pathogens and viruses and examine mechanisms of the emergence and spread of the ancient infections in the mankind history. |