Prevalence and Self-Perceived Experiences With the Use of Hormonal Contraceptives Among Competitive Female Cross-Country Skiers and Biathletes in Norway: The FENDURA Project.

Autor:	Engseth TP; School of Sport Sciences, UiT, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway., Andersson EP; School of Sport Sciences, UiT, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway., Solli GS; School of Sport Sciences, UiT, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.; Department of Sports Science and Physical Education, Nord University, Bodø, Norway., Morseth B; School of Sport Sciences, UiT, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway., Thomassen TO; School of Sport Sciences, UiT, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway., Noordhof DA; Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Centre for Elite Sports Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway., Sandbakk Ø; School of Sport Sciences, UiT, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.; Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Centre for Elite Sports Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway., Welde B; School of Sport Sciences, UiT, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.
Jazyk:	angličtina
Zdroj:	Frontiers in sports and active living [Front Sports Act Living] 2022 Apr 14; Vol. 4, pp. 873222. Date of Electronic Publication: 2022 Apr 14 (Print Publication: 2022).
DOI:	10.3389/fspor.2022.873222
Abstrakt:	Purpose: To investigate the prevalence of hormonal contraceptive (HC) use by female cross-country (XC) skiers and biathletes competing at a national and/or international level, their reasons for HC use, and to compare negative symptoms related to the HC-/menstrual cycle in HC users and non-HC users. Additionally, to characterize the self-perceived influence of HC use on training and performance. Methods: A total of 113 Norwegian competitive XC skiers and biathletes completed an online questionnaire including both closed and open-ended questions. The questions were designed to assess the type of HC, reasons for use, self-reported negative symptoms related to HC-/menstrual cycle, as well as athletes' experiences regarding how HC use affects training and performance. Results: In total, 68% of all the athletes used HC, with 64 and 36% of them using a progestin-only and combined type HC, respectively. Non-contraceptive reasons for HC use were reported by 51% of the progestin-only HC users vs. 75% of the combined HC users ( P = 0.039), with reduction of negative menstrual-related symptoms as the most common reason. Of the athletes reporting regular withdrawal bleedings in connection to HC use, 80% of the progestin-only and 86% of combined HC users experienced negative menstrual-related symptoms, which was comparable to the non-HC group (86%). The majority (81%) of HC users experienced solely positive, or no effect, of HC use on training and performance, with no differences between progestin-only and combined HC users ( P = 0.942). Conclusions: In total, 68% of the XC skiers and biathletes used HC, with the highest proportion (64%) using a progestin-only HC. Many athletes used HC to manipulate their menstrual cycle due to perceived negative menstrual-related symptoms that interfered with their training sessions and/or competitions. Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. (Copyright © 2022 Engseth, Andersson, Solli, Morseth, Thomassen, Noordhof, Sandbakk and Welde.)
Databáze:	MEDLINE
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