| Autor: |
Freckelton ML; Kewalo Marine Laboratory, University of Hawai'i, Honolulu, HI 96813., Nedved BT; Kewalo Marine Laboratory, University of Hawai'i, Honolulu, HI 96813., Cai YS; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawai'i at Hilo, Hilo, HI 96720.; Department of Nephrology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, People's Republic of China., Cao S; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawai'i at Hilo, Hilo, HI 96720., Turano H; Department of Oceanography, University of Hawai'i Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96813., Alegado RA; Department of Oceanography, University of Hawai'i Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96813.; Sea Grant College Program, University of Hawai'i Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96813., Hadfield MG; Kewalo Marine Laboratory, University of Hawai'i, Honolulu, HI 96813. |
| Abstrakt: |
How larvae of the many phyla of marine invertebrates find places appropriate for settlement, metamorphosis, growth, and reproduction is an enduring question in marine science. Biofilm-induced metamorphosis has been observed in marine invertebrate larvae from nearly every major marine phylum. Despite the widespread nature of this phenomenon, the mechanism of induction remains poorly understood. The serpulid polychaete Hydroides elegans is a well established model for investigating bacteria-induced larval development. A broad range of biofilm bacterial species elicit larval metamorphosis in H. elegans via at least two mechanisms, including outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) and complexes of phage-tail bacteriocins. We investigated the interaction between larvae of H. elegans and the inductive bacterium Cellulophaga lytica, which produces an abundance of OMVs but not phage-tail bacteriocins. We asked whether the OMVs of C. lytica induce larval settlement due to cell membrane components or through delivery of specific cargo. Employing a biochemical structure–function approach with a strong ecological focus, the cells and OMVs produced by C. lytica were interrogated to determine the class of the inductive compounds. Here, we report that larvae of H. elegans are induced to metamorphose by lipopolysaccharide produced by C. lytica. The widespread prevalence of lipopolysaccharide and its associated taxonomic and structural variability suggest it may be a broadly employed cue for bacterially induced larval settlement of marine invertebrates. |
