| Autor: |
Salman AD; Sustainability Solutions Research Lab, University of Pannonia, 8200 Veszprém, Hungary.; Department of Chemical and Petroleum Refining Engineering, College of Oil and Gas Engineering, Basra University, Basra 61007, Iraq., Juzsakova T; Sustainability Solutions Research Lab, University of Pannonia, 8200 Veszprém, Hungary., Mohsen S; Nanotechnology and Advanced Material Research Center, University of Technology, Baghdad 35109, Iraq., Abdullah TA; Sustainability Solutions Research Lab, University of Pannonia, 8200 Veszprém, Hungary.; Chemistry Branch, Applied Sciences Department, University of Technology, Baghdad 10011, Iraq., Le PC; Department of Environmental Management, Faculty of Environment, The University of Danang-University of Science and Technology, 54 Nguyen Luong Bang, Danang 550000, Vietnam., Sebestyen V; Sustainability Solutions Research Lab, University of Pannonia, 8200 Veszprém, Hungary., Sluser B; Department of Environmental Engineering and Management, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Protection, Gheorghe Asachi Technical University of Iasi, 73 D. Mangeron Street, 700050 Iasi, Romania., Cretescu I; Department of Environmental Engineering and Management, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Protection, Gheorghe Asachi Technical University of Iasi, 73 D. Mangeron Street, 700050 Iasi, Romania. |
| Abstrakt: |
The recovery of scandium (Sc) from wastes and various resources using solvent extraction (SX) was discussed in detail. Moreover, the metallurgical extractive procedures for Sc recovery were presented. Acidic and neutral organophosphorus (OPCs) extractants are the most extensively used in industrial activities, considering that they provide the highest extraction efficiency of any of the valuable components. Due to the chemical and physical similarities of the rare earth metals, the separation and purification processes of Sc are difficult tasks. Sc has also been extracted from acidic solutions using carboxylic acids, amines, and acidic β-diketone, among other solvents and chemicals. For improving the extraction efficiencies, the development of mixed extractants or synergistic systems for the SX of Sc has been carried out in recent years. Different operational parameters play an important role in the extraction process, such as the type of the aqueous phase and its acidity, the aqueous (A) to organic (O) and solid (S) to liquid (L) phase ratios, as well as the type of the diluents. Sc recovery is now implemented in industrial production using a combination of hydrometallurgical and pyrometallurgical techniques, such as ore pre-treatment, leaching, SX, precipitation, and calcination. The hydrometallurgical methods (acid leaching and SX) were effective for Sc recovery. Furthermore, the OPCs bis(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid (D2EHPA/P204) and tributyl phosphate (TBP) showed interesting potential taking into consideration some co-extracted metals such as Fe(III) and Ti(IV). |
