Emergence and intensification of dairying in the Caucasus and Eurasian steppes.

Autor: Scott A; Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany.; Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany.; Institute for Pre- and Protohistoric Archaeology and Archaeology of the Roman Provinces, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Munich, Germany., Reinhold S; Eurasia Department, German Archaeological Institute, Berlin, Germany., Hermes T; Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany.; Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany., Kalmykov AA; 'Nasledie' Cultural Heritage Unit, Stavropol, Russia., Belinskiy A; 'Nasledie' Cultural Heritage Unit, Stavropol, Russia., Buzhilova A; Research Institute and Museum of Anthropology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia., Berezina N; Research Institute and Museum of Anthropology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia., Kantorovich AR; Department of Archaeology, Faculty of History, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia., Maslov VE; Institute of Archaeology RAS, Moscow, Russian Federation., Guliyev F; Department of Humanitarian and Social Sciences, Institute of Archaeology, Ethnography and Anthropology, Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences, Baku, Azerbaijan., Lyonnet B; PROCLAC/UMR 7192 Laboratory, French National Centre for Scientific Research, Paris, France., Gasimov P; Department of Humanitarian and Social Sciences, Institute of Archaeology, Ethnography and Anthropology, Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences, Baku, Azerbaijan., Jalilov B; Department of Humanitarian and Social Sciences, Institute of Archaeology, Ethnography and Anthropology, Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences, Baku, Azerbaijan., Eminli J; Department of Humanitarian and Social Sciences, Institute of Archaeology, Ethnography and Anthropology, Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences, Baku, Azerbaijan., Iskandarov E; Department of Humanitarian and Social Sciences, Institute of Archaeology, Ethnography and Anthropology, Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences, Baku, Azerbaijan., Hammer E; Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations and Price Lab for the Digital Humanities, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA., Nugent SE; Faculty of Technology, Design & Environment, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK., Hagan R; Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany.; Department of Archaeology, University of York, York, UK., Majander K; Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany.; Institute of Evolutionary Medicine, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland., Onkamo P; Department of Biology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.; Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland., Nordqvist K; Department of Cultures, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland., Shishlina N; State Historical Museum, Moscow, Russia.; Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography (the Kunstkamera), Saint Petersburg, Russia., Kaverzneva E; State Historical Museum, Moscow, Russia., Korolev AI; Department of History and Archaeology, Samara State University of Social Sciences and Education, Samara, Russia., Khokhlov AA; Department of History and Archaeology, Samara State University of Social Sciences and Education, Samara, Russia., Smolyaninov RV; Lipetsk State Pedagogical University, Lipetsk, Russia., Sharapova SV; Institute of History and Archaeology, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, Ekaterinburg, Russia., Krause R; Department of Archaeological Sciences, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany., Karapetian M; Research Institute and Museum of Anthropology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia., Stolarczyk E; Department of Archaeological Sciences, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany., Krause J; Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany.; Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany., Hansen S; Institute for Pre- and Protohistoric Archaeology and Archaeology of the Roman Provinces, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Munich, Germany. svend.hansen@dainst.de., Haak W; Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany. wolfgang_haak@eva.mpg.de.; Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany. wolfgang_haak@eva.mpg.de., Warinner C; Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany. warinner@fas.harvard.edu.; Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany. warinner@fas.harvard.edu.; Department of Anthropology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA. warinner@fas.harvard.edu.
Jazyk: angličtina
Zdroj: Nature ecology & evolution [Nat Ecol Evol] 2022 Jun; Vol. 6 (6), pp. 813-822. Date of Electronic Publication: 2022 Apr 07.
DOI: 10.1038/s41559-022-01701-6
Abstrakt: Archaeological and archaeogenetic evidence points to the Pontic-Caspian steppe zone between the Caucasus and the Black Sea as the crucible from which the earliest steppe pastoralist societies arose and spread, ultimately influencing populations from Europe to Inner Asia. However, little is known about their economic foundations and the factors that may have contributed to their extensive mobility. Here, we investigate dietary proteins within the dental calculus proteomes of 45 individuals spanning the Neolithic to Greco-Roman periods in the Pontic-Caspian Steppe and neighbouring South Caucasus, Oka-Volga-Don and East Urals regions. We find that sheep dairying accompanies the earliest forms of Eneolithic pastoralism in the North Caucasus. During the fourth millennium BC, Maykop and early Yamnaya populations also focused dairying exclusively on sheep while reserving cattle for traction and other purposes. We observe a breakdown in livestock specialization and an economic diversification of dairy herds coinciding with aridification during the subsequent late Yamnaya and North Caucasus Culture phases, followed by severe climate deterioration during the Catacomb and Lola periods. The need for additional pastures to support these herds may have driven the heightened mobility of the Middle and Late Bronze Age periods. Following a hiatus of more than 500 years, the North Caucasian steppe was repopulated by Early Iron Age societies with a broad mobile dairy economy, including a new focus on horse milking.
(© 2022. The Author(s).)
Databáze: MEDLINE
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