| Autor: |
Tokatli MR; Course in Pharmacy, University of Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy., Sisti LG; Center for Global Health Research and Studies, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy.; National Institute for Health, Migration and Poverty, 00153 Rome, Italy., Marziali E; Center for Global Health Research and Studies, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy., Nachira L; Center for Global Health Research and Studies, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy., Rossi MF; Department of Life Sciences and Public Health, Section of Occupational Health, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy., Amantea C; Department of Life Sciences and Public Health, Section of Occupational Health, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy., Moscato U; Center for Global Health Research and Studies, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy.; Department of Life Sciences and Public Health, Section of Occupational Health, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy., Malorni W; Course in Pharmacy, University of Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy.; Center for Global Health Research and Studies, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy. |
| Abstrakt: |
A prodigious increment of scientific evidence in both preclinical and clinical studies is narrowing a major gap in knowledge regarding sex-specific biological responses observed in numerous branches of clinical practices. Some paradigmatic examples include neurodegenerative and mental disorders, immune-related disorders such as pathogenic infections and autoimmune diseases, oncologic conditions, and cardiovascular morbidities. The male-to-female proportion in a population is expressed as sex ratio and varies eminently with respect to the pathophysiology, natural history, incidence, prevalence, and mortality rates. The factors that determine this scenario incorporate both sex-associated biological differences and gender-dependent sociocultural issues. A broad narrative review focused on the current knowledge about the role of hormone regulation in gender medicine and gender peculiarities across key clinical areas is provided. Sex differences in immune response, cardiovascular diseases, neurological disorders, cancer, and COVID-19 are some of the hints reported. Moreover, gender implications in occupational health and health policy are offered to support the need for more personalized clinical medicine and public health approaches to achieve an ameliorated quality of life of patients and better outcomes in population health. |
