Electroclinical Features and Long-term Seizure Outcome in Patients With Eyelid Myoclonia With Absences.

Autor:	Cerulli Irelli E; From the Department of Human Neurosciences (E.C.I., A.M., C.D.B.), Sapienza, University of Rome, Italy; Department of Precision Medicine and Genomics (E.C.), Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neuropediatrics (G.R.), University Children's Hospital Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (R.H.C.), Hospital de Pediatría 'Prof. Dr. Juan P Garrahan,' Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies 'G.F. Ingrassia' (L.G., V.S.), Section of Neurosciences, University of Catania, Italy; Departments of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology (T.Y., B.B.), Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Turkey; Department of Paediatric Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology (E.P., M.C., A.A.), University Hospitals of Lyon (HCL), member of the ERN EpiCARE, France; Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.F.O.), Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Italy; Epilepsy Unit (B.G.G.), Neurology Service, Hospital Universitario and IIS Fundación Jiménez Díaz and CIBERER, Madrid, Spain; Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.B., K.S., S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK; IRCCS NEUROMED (S.C., G.D.G.), Pozzilli, Isernia, Italy; Institute of Neurology (S.B.), UCL, London, UK; Institute of Neurology (F.F., A.L., A.G.), University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy; Department of Neuroscience and Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences (A.C.), Federico II University, Naples, Italy; Clinic for Neuropediatrics and Neurorehabilitation (G.J.K.), Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schoen Clinic Vogtareuth, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery and Epilepsy (D.G.A.K.-N.T.), University Medical Center, Utrecht University, the Netherlands; and Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit (P.S.), IRCCS 'Istituto Giannina Gaslini,' Genova, Italy., Cocchi E; From the Department of Human Neurosciences (E.C.I., A.M., C.D.B.), Sapienza, University of Rome, Italy; Department of Precision Medicine and Genomics (E.C.), Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neuropediatrics (G.R.), University Children's Hospital Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (R.H.C.), Hospital de Pediatría 'Prof. Dr. Juan P Garrahan,' Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies 'G.F. Ingrassia' (L.G., V.S.), Section of Neurosciences, University of Catania, Italy; Departments of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology (T.Y., B.B.), Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Turkey; Department of Paediatric Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology (E.P., M.C., A.A.), University Hospitals of Lyon (HCL), member of the ERN EpiCARE, France; Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.F.O.), Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Italy; Epilepsy Unit (B.G.G.), Neurology Service, Hospital Universitario and IIS Fundación Jiménez Díaz and CIBERER, Madrid, Spain; Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.B., K.S., S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK; IRCCS NEUROMED (S.C., G.D.G.), Pozzilli, Isernia, Italy; Institute of Neurology (S.B.), UCL, London, UK; Institute of Neurology (F.F., A.L., A.G.), University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy; Department of Neuroscience and Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences (A.C.), Federico II University, Naples, Italy; Clinic for Neuropediatrics and Neurorehabilitation (G.J.K.), Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schoen Clinic Vogtareuth, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery and Epilepsy (D.G.A.K.-N.T.), University Medical Center, Utrecht University, the Netherlands; and Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit (P.S.), IRCCS 'Istituto Giannina Gaslini,' Genova, Italy., Ramantani G; From the Department of Human Neurosciences (E.C.I., A.M., C.D.B.), Sapienza, University of Rome, Italy; Department of Precision Medicine and Genomics (E.C.), Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neuropediatrics (G.R.), University Children's Hospital Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (R.H.C.), Hospital de Pediatría 'Prof. Dr. Juan P Garrahan,' Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies 'G.F. Ingrassia' (L.G., V.S.), Section of Neurosciences, University of Catania, Italy; Departments of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology (T.Y., B.B.), Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Turkey; Department of Paediatric Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology (E.P., M.C., A.A.), University Hospitals of Lyon (HCL), member of the ERN EpiCARE, France; Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.F.O.), Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Italy; Epilepsy Unit (B.G.G.), Neurology Service, Hospital Universitario and IIS Fundación Jiménez Díaz and CIBERER, Madrid, Spain; Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.B., K.S., S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK; IRCCS NEUROMED (S.C., G.D.G.), Pozzilli, Isernia, Italy; Institute of Neurology (S.B.), UCL, London, UK; Institute of Neurology (F.F., A.L., A.G.), University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy; Department of Neuroscience and Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences (A.C.), Federico II University, Naples, Italy; Clinic for Neuropediatrics and Neurorehabilitation (G.J.K.), Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schoen Clinic Vogtareuth, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery and Epilepsy (D.G.A.K.-N.T.), University Medical Center, Utrecht University, the Netherlands; and Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit (P.S.), IRCCS 'Istituto Giannina Gaslini,' Genova, Italy., Caraballo RH; From the Department of Human Neurosciences (E.C.I., A.M., C.D.B.), Sapienza, University of Rome, Italy; Department of Precision Medicine and Genomics (E.C.), Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neuropediatrics (G.R.), University Children's Hospital Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (R.H.C.), Hospital de Pediatría 'Prof. Dr. Juan P Garrahan,' Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies 'G.F. Ingrassia' (L.G., V.S.), Section of Neurosciences, University of Catania, Italy; Departments of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology (T.Y., B.B.), Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Turkey; Department of Paediatric Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology (E.P., M.C., A.A.), University Hospitals of Lyon (HCL), member of the ERN EpiCARE, France; Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.F.O.), Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Italy; Epilepsy Unit (B.G.G.), Neurology Service, Hospital Universitario and IIS Fundación Jiménez Díaz and CIBERER, Madrid, Spain; Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.B., K.S., S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK; IRCCS NEUROMED (S.C., G.D.G.), Pozzilli, Isernia, Italy; Institute of Neurology (S.B.), UCL, London, UK; Institute of Neurology (F.F., A.L., A.G.), University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy; Department of Neuroscience and Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences (A.C.), Federico II University, Naples, Italy; Clinic for Neuropediatrics and Neurorehabilitation (G.J.K.), Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schoen Clinic Vogtareuth, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery and Epilepsy (D.G.A.K.-N.T.), University Medical Center, Utrecht University, the Netherlands; and Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit (P.S.), IRCCS 'Istituto Giannina Gaslini,' Genova, Italy., Giuliano L; From the Department of Human Neurosciences (E.C.I., A.M., C.D.B.), Sapienza, University of Rome, Italy; Department of Precision Medicine and Genomics (E.C.), Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neuropediatrics (G.R.), University Children's Hospital Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (R.H.C.), Hospital de Pediatría 'Prof. Dr. Juan P Garrahan,' Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies 'G.F. Ingrassia' (L.G., V.S.), Section of Neurosciences, University of Catania, Italy; Departments of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology (T.Y., B.B.), Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Turkey; Department of Paediatric Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology (E.P., M.C., A.A.), University Hospitals of Lyon (HCL), member of the ERN EpiCARE, France; Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.F.O.), Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Italy; Epilepsy Unit (B.G.G.), Neurology Service, Hospital Universitario and IIS Fundación Jiménez Díaz and CIBERER, Madrid, Spain; Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.B., K.S., S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK; IRCCS NEUROMED (S.C., G.D.G.), Pozzilli, Isernia, Italy; Institute of Neurology (S.B.), UCL, London, UK; Institute of Neurology (F.F., A.L., A.G.), University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy; Department of Neuroscience and Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences (A.C.), Federico II University, Naples, Italy; Clinic for Neuropediatrics and Neurorehabilitation (G.J.K.), Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schoen Clinic Vogtareuth, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery and Epilepsy (D.G.A.K.-N.T.), University Medical Center, Utrecht University, the Netherlands; and Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit (P.S.), IRCCS 'Istituto Giannina Gaslini,' Genova, Italy., Yilmaz T; From the Department of Human Neurosciences (E.C.I., A.M., C.D.B.), Sapienza, University of Rome, Italy; Department of Precision Medicine and Genomics (E.C.), Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neuropediatrics (G.R.), University Children's Hospital Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (R.H.C.), Hospital de Pediatría 'Prof. Dr. Juan P Garrahan,' Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies 'G.F. Ingrassia' (L.G., V.S.), Section of Neurosciences, University of Catania, Italy; Departments of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology (T.Y., B.B.), Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Turkey; Department of Paediatric Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology (E.P., M.C., A.A.), University Hospitals of Lyon (HCL), member of the ERN EpiCARE, France; Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.F.O.), Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Italy; Epilepsy Unit (B.G.G.), Neurology Service, Hospital Universitario and IIS Fundación Jiménez Díaz and CIBERER, Madrid, Spain; Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.B., K.S., S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK; IRCCS NEUROMED (S.C., G.D.G.), Pozzilli, Isernia, Italy; Institute of Neurology (S.B.), UCL, London, UK; Institute of Neurology (F.F., A.L., A.G.), University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy; Department of Neuroscience and Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences (A.C.), Federico II University, Naples, Italy; Clinic for Neuropediatrics and Neurorehabilitation (G.J.K.), Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schoen Clinic Vogtareuth, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery and Epilepsy (D.G.A.K.-N.T.), University Medical Center, Utrecht University, the Netherlands; and Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit (P.S.), IRCCS 'Istituto Giannina Gaslini,' Genova, Italy., Morano A; From the Department of Human Neurosciences (E.C.I., A.M., C.D.B.), Sapienza, University of Rome, Italy; Department of Precision Medicine and Genomics (E.C.), Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neuropediatrics (G.R.), University Children's Hospital Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (R.H.C.), Hospital de Pediatría 'Prof. Dr. Juan P Garrahan,' Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies 'G.F. Ingrassia' (L.G., V.S.), Section of Neurosciences, University of Catania, Italy; Departments of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology (T.Y., B.B.), Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Turkey; Department of Paediatric Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology (E.P., M.C., A.A.), University Hospitals of Lyon (HCL), member of the ERN EpiCARE, France; Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.F.O.), Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Italy; Epilepsy Unit (B.G.G.), Neurology Service, Hospital Universitario and IIS Fundación Jiménez Díaz and CIBERER, Madrid, Spain; Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.B., K.S., S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK; IRCCS NEUROMED (S.C., G.D.G.), Pozzilli, Isernia, Italy; Institute of Neurology (S.B.), UCL, London, UK; Institute of Neurology (F.F., A.L., A.G.), University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy; Department of Neuroscience and Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences (A.C.), Federico II University, Naples, Italy; Clinic for Neuropediatrics and Neurorehabilitation (G.J.K.), Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schoen Clinic Vogtareuth, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery and Epilepsy (D.G.A.K.-N.T.), University Medical Center, Utrecht University, the Netherlands; and Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit (P.S.), IRCCS 'Istituto Giannina Gaslini,' Genova, Italy., Panagiotakaki E; From the Department of Human Neurosciences (E.C.I., A.M., C.D.B.), Sapienza, University of Rome, Italy; Department of Precision Medicine and Genomics (E.C.), Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neuropediatrics (G.R.), University Children's Hospital Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (R.H.C.), Hospital de Pediatría 'Prof. Dr. Juan P Garrahan,' Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies 'G.F. Ingrassia' (L.G., V.S.), Section of Neurosciences, University of Catania, Italy; Departments of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology (T.Y., B.B.), Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Turkey; Department of Paediatric Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology (E.P., M.C., A.A.), University Hospitals of Lyon (HCL), member of the ERN EpiCARE, France; Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.F.O.), Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Italy; Epilepsy Unit (B.G.G.), Neurology Service, Hospital Universitario and IIS Fundación Jiménez Díaz and CIBERER, Madrid, Spain; Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.B., K.S., S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK; IRCCS NEUROMED (S.C., G.D.G.), Pozzilli, Isernia, Italy; Institute of Neurology (S.B.), UCL, London, UK; Institute of Neurology (F.F., A.L., A.G.), University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy; Department of Neuroscience and Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences (A.C.), Federico II University, Naples, Italy; Clinic for Neuropediatrics and Neurorehabilitation (G.J.K.), Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schoen Clinic Vogtareuth, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery and Epilepsy (D.G.A.K.-N.T.), University Medical Center, Utrecht University, the Netherlands; and Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit (P.S.), IRCCS 'Istituto Giannina Gaslini,' Genova, Italy., Operto FF; From the Department of Human Neurosciences (E.C.I., A.M., C.D.B.), Sapienza, University of Rome, Italy; Department of Precision Medicine and Genomics (E.C.), Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neuropediatrics (G.R.), University Children's Hospital Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (R.H.C.), Hospital de Pediatría 'Prof. Dr. Juan P Garrahan,' Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies 'G.F. Ingrassia' (L.G., V.S.), Section of Neurosciences, University of Catania, Italy; Departments of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology (T.Y., B.B.), Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Turkey; Department of Paediatric Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology (E.P., M.C., A.A.), University Hospitals of Lyon (HCL), member of the ERN EpiCARE, France; Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.F.O.), Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Italy; Epilepsy Unit (B.G.G.), Neurology Service, Hospital Universitario and IIS Fundación Jiménez Díaz and CIBERER, Madrid, Spain; Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.B., K.S., S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK; IRCCS NEUROMED (S.C., G.D.G.), Pozzilli, Isernia, Italy; Institute of Neurology (S.B.), UCL, London, UK; Institute of Neurology (F.F., A.L., A.G.), University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy; Department of Neuroscience and Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences (A.C.), Federico II University, Naples, Italy; Clinic for Neuropediatrics and Neurorehabilitation (G.J.K.), Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schoen Clinic Vogtareuth, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery and Epilepsy (D.G.A.K.-N.T.), University Medical Center, Utrecht University, the Netherlands; and Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit (P.S.), IRCCS 'Istituto Giannina Gaslini,' Genova, Italy., Gonzalez Giraldez B; From the Department of Human Neurosciences (E.C.I., A.M., C.D.B.), Sapienza, University of Rome, Italy; Department of Precision Medicine and Genomics (E.C.), Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neuropediatrics (G.R.), University Children's Hospital Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (R.H.C.), Hospital de Pediatría 'Prof. Dr. Juan P Garrahan,' Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies 'G.F. Ingrassia' (L.G., V.S.), Section of Neurosciences, University of Catania, Italy; Departments of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology (T.Y., B.B.), Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Turkey; Department of Paediatric Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology (E.P., M.C., A.A.), University Hospitals of Lyon (HCL), member of the ERN EpiCARE, France; Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.F.O.), Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Italy; Epilepsy Unit (B.G.G.), Neurology Service, Hospital Universitario and IIS Fundación Jiménez Díaz and CIBERER, Madrid, Spain; Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.B., K.S., S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK; IRCCS NEUROMED (S.C., G.D.G.), Pozzilli, Isernia, Italy; Institute of Neurology (S.B.), UCL, London, UK; Institute of Neurology (F.F., A.L., A.G.), University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy; Department of Neuroscience and Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences (A.C.), Federico II University, Naples, Italy; Clinic for Neuropediatrics and Neurorehabilitation (G.J.K.), Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schoen Clinic Vogtareuth, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery and Epilepsy (D.G.A.K.-N.T.), University Medical Center, Utrecht University, the Netherlands; and Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit (P.S.), IRCCS 'Istituto Giannina Gaslini,' Genova, Italy., Silvennoinen K; From the Department of Human Neurosciences (E.C.I., A.M., C.D.B.), Sapienza, University of Rome, Italy; Department of Precision Medicine and Genomics (E.C.), Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neuropediatrics (G.R.), University Children's Hospital Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (R.H.C.), Hospital de Pediatría 'Prof. Dr. Juan P Garrahan,' Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies 'G.F. Ingrassia' (L.G., V.S.), Section of Neurosciences, University of Catania, Italy; Departments of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology (T.Y., B.B.), Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Turkey; Department of Paediatric Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology (E.P., M.C., A.A.), University Hospitals of Lyon (HCL), member of the ERN EpiCARE, France; Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.F.O.), Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Italy; Epilepsy Unit (B.G.G.), Neurology Service, Hospital Universitario and IIS Fundación Jiménez Díaz and CIBERER, Madrid, Spain; Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.B., K.S., S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK; IRCCS NEUROMED (S.C., G.D.G.), Pozzilli, Isernia, Italy; Institute of Neurology (S.B.), UCL, London, UK; Institute of Neurology (F.F., A.L., A.G.), University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy; Department of Neuroscience and Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences (A.C.), Federico II University, Naples, Italy; Clinic for Neuropediatrics and Neurorehabilitation (G.J.K.), Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schoen Clinic Vogtareuth, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery and Epilepsy (D.G.A.K.-N.T.), University Medical Center, Utrecht University, the Netherlands; and Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit (P.S.), IRCCS 'Istituto Giannina Gaslini,' Genova, Italy., Casciato S; From the Department of Human Neurosciences (E.C.I., A.M., C.D.B.), Sapienza, University of Rome, Italy; Department of Precision Medicine and Genomics (E.C.), Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neuropediatrics (G.R.), University Children's Hospital Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (R.H.C.), Hospital de Pediatría 'Prof. Dr. Juan P Garrahan,' Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies 'G.F. Ingrassia' (L.G., V.S.), Section of Neurosciences, University of Catania, Italy; Departments of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology (T.Y., B.B.), Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Turkey; Department of Paediatric Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology (E.P., M.C., A.A.), University Hospitals of Lyon (HCL), member of the ERN EpiCARE, France; Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.F.O.), Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Italy; Epilepsy Unit (B.G.G.), Neurology Service, Hospital Universitario and IIS Fundación Jiménez Díaz and CIBERER, Madrid, Spain; Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.B., K.S., S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK; IRCCS NEUROMED (S.C., G.D.G.), Pozzilli, Isernia, Italy; Institute of Neurology (S.B.), UCL, London, UK; Institute of Neurology (F.F., A.L., A.G.), University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy; Department of Neuroscience and Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences (A.C.), Federico II University, Naples, Italy; Clinic for Neuropediatrics and Neurorehabilitation (G.J.K.), Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schoen Clinic Vogtareuth, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery and Epilepsy (D.G.A.K.-N.T.), University Medical Center, Utrecht University, the Netherlands; and Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit (P.S.), IRCCS 'Istituto Giannina Gaslini,' Genova, Italy., Comajuan M; From the Department of Human Neurosciences (E.C.I., A.M., C.D.B.), Sapienza, University of Rome, Italy; Department of Precision Medicine and Genomics (E.C.), Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neuropediatrics (G.R.), University Children's Hospital Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (R.H.C.), Hospital de Pediatría 'Prof. Dr. Juan P Garrahan,' Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies 'G.F. Ingrassia' (L.G., V.S.), Section of Neurosciences, University of Catania, Italy; Departments of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology (T.Y., B.B.), Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Turkey; Department of Paediatric Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology (E.P., M.C., A.A.), University Hospitals of Lyon (HCL), member of the ERN EpiCARE, France; Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.F.O.), Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Italy; Epilepsy Unit (B.G.G.), Neurology Service, Hospital Universitario and IIS Fundación Jiménez Díaz and CIBERER, Madrid, Spain; Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.B., K.S., S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK; IRCCS NEUROMED (S.C., G.D.G.), Pozzilli, Isernia, Italy; Institute of Neurology (S.B.), UCL, London, UK; Institute of Neurology (F.F., A.L., A.G.), University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy; Department of Neuroscience and Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences (A.C.), Federico II University, Naples, Italy; Clinic for Neuropediatrics and Neurorehabilitation (G.J.K.), Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schoen Clinic Vogtareuth, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery and Epilepsy (D.G.A.K.-N.T.), University Medical Center, Utrecht University, the Netherlands; and Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit (P.S.), IRCCS 'Istituto Giannina Gaslini,' Genova, Italy., Balestrini S; From the Department of Human Neurosciences (E.C.I., A.M., C.D.B.), Sapienza, University of Rome, Italy; Department of Precision Medicine and Genomics (E.C.), Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neuropediatrics (G.R.), University Children's Hospital Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (R.H.C.), Hospital de Pediatría 'Prof. Dr. Juan P Garrahan,' Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies 'G.F. Ingrassia' (L.G., V.S.), Section of Neurosciences, University of Catania, Italy; Departments of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology (T.Y., B.B.), Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Turkey; Department of Paediatric Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology (E.P., M.C., A.A.), University Hospitals of Lyon (HCL), member of the ERN EpiCARE, France; Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.F.O.), Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Italy; Epilepsy Unit (B.G.G.), Neurology Service, Hospital Universitario and IIS Fundación Jiménez Díaz and CIBERER, Madrid, Spain; Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.B., K.S., S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK; IRCCS NEUROMED (S.C., G.D.G.), Pozzilli, Isernia, Italy; Institute of Neurology (S.B.), UCL, London, UK; Institute of Neurology (F.F., A.L., A.G.), University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy; Department of Neuroscience and Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences (A.C.), Federico II University, Naples, Italy; Clinic for Neuropediatrics and Neurorehabilitation (G.J.K.), Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schoen Clinic Vogtareuth, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery and Epilepsy (D.G.A.K.-N.T.), University Medical Center, Utrecht University, the Netherlands; and Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit (P.S.), IRCCS 'Istituto Giannina Gaslini,' Genova, Italy., Fortunato F; From the Department of Human Neurosciences (E.C.I., A.M., C.D.B.), Sapienza, University of Rome, Italy; Department of Precision Medicine and Genomics (E.C.), Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neuropediatrics (G.R.), University Children's Hospital Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (R.H.C.), Hospital de Pediatría 'Prof. Dr. Juan P Garrahan,' Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies 'G.F. Ingrassia' (L.G., V.S.), Section of Neurosciences, University of Catania, Italy; Departments of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology (T.Y., B.B.), Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Turkey; Department of Paediatric Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology (E.P., M.C., A.A.), University Hospitals of Lyon (HCL), member of the ERN EpiCARE, France; Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.F.O.), Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Italy; Epilepsy Unit (B.G.G.), Neurology Service, Hospital Universitario and IIS Fundación Jiménez Díaz and CIBERER, Madrid, Spain; Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.B., K.S., S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK; IRCCS NEUROMED (S.C., G.D.G.), Pozzilli, Isernia, Italy; Institute of Neurology (S.B.), UCL, London, UK; Institute of Neurology (F.F., A.L., A.G.), University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy; Department of Neuroscience and Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences (A.C.), Federico II University, Naples, Italy; Clinic for Neuropediatrics and Neurorehabilitation (G.J.K.), Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schoen Clinic Vogtareuth, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery and Epilepsy (D.G.A.K.-N.T.), University Medical Center, Utrecht University, the Netherlands; and Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit (P.S.), IRCCS 'Istituto Giannina Gaslini,' Genova, Italy., Coppola A; From the Department of Human Neurosciences (E.C.I., A.M., C.D.B.), Sapienza, University of Rome, Italy; Department of Precision Medicine and Genomics (E.C.), Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neuropediatrics (G.R.), University Children's Hospital Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (R.H.C.), Hospital de Pediatría 'Prof. Dr. Juan P Garrahan,' Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies 'G.F. Ingrassia' (L.G., V.S.), Section of Neurosciences, University of Catania, Italy; Departments of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology (T.Y., B.B.), Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Turkey; Department of Paediatric Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology (E.P., M.C., A.A.), University Hospitals of Lyon (HCL), member of the ERN EpiCARE, France; Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.F.O.), Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Italy; Epilepsy Unit (B.G.G.), Neurology Service, Hospital Universitario and IIS Fundación Jiménez Díaz and CIBERER, Madrid, Spain; Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.B., K.S., S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK; IRCCS NEUROMED (S.C., G.D.G.), Pozzilli, Isernia, Italy; Institute of Neurology (S.B.), UCL, London, UK; Institute of Neurology (F.F., A.L., A.G.), University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy; Department of Neuroscience and Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences (A.C.), Federico II University, Naples, Italy; Clinic for Neuropediatrics and Neurorehabilitation (G.J.K.), Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schoen Clinic Vogtareuth, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery and Epilepsy (D.G.A.K.-N.T.), University Medical Center, Utrecht University, the Netherlands; and Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit (P.S.), IRCCS 'Istituto Giannina Gaslini,' Genova, Italy., Di Gennaro G; From the Department of Human Neurosciences (E.C.I., A.M., C.D.B.), Sapienza, University of Rome, Italy; Department of Precision Medicine and Genomics (E.C.), Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neuropediatrics (G.R.), University Children's Hospital Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (R.H.C.), Hospital de Pediatría 'Prof. Dr. Juan P Garrahan,' Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies 'G.F. Ingrassia' (L.G., V.S.), Section of Neurosciences, University of Catania, Italy; Departments of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology (T.Y., B.B.), Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Turkey; Department of Paediatric Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology (E.P., M.C., A.A.), University Hospitals of Lyon (HCL), member of the ERN EpiCARE, France; Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.F.O.), Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Italy; Epilepsy Unit (B.G.G.), Neurology Service, Hospital Universitario and IIS Fundación Jiménez Díaz and CIBERER, Madrid, Spain; Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.B., K.S., S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK; IRCCS NEUROMED (S.C., G.D.G.), Pozzilli, Isernia, Italy; Institute of Neurology (S.B.), UCL, London, UK; Institute of Neurology (F.F., A.L., A.G.), University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy; Department of Neuroscience and Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences (A.C.), Federico II University, Naples, Italy; Clinic for Neuropediatrics and Neurorehabilitation (G.J.K.), Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schoen Clinic Vogtareuth, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery and Epilepsy (D.G.A.K.-N.T.), University Medical Center, Utrecht University, the Netherlands; and Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit (P.S.), IRCCS 'Istituto Giannina Gaslini,' Genova, Italy., Labate A; From the Department of Human Neurosciences (E.C.I., A.M., C.D.B.), Sapienza, University of Rome, Italy; Department of Precision Medicine and Genomics (E.C.), Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neuropediatrics (G.R.), University Children's Hospital Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (R.H.C.), Hospital de Pediatría 'Prof. Dr. Juan P Garrahan,' Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies 'G.F. Ingrassia' (L.G., V.S.), Section of Neurosciences, University of Catania, Italy; Departments of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology (T.Y., B.B.), Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Turkey; Department of Paediatric Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology (E.P., M.C., A.A.), University Hospitals of Lyon (HCL), member of the ERN EpiCARE, France; Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.F.O.), Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Italy; Epilepsy Unit (B.G.G.), Neurology Service, Hospital Universitario and IIS Fundación Jiménez Díaz and CIBERER, Madrid, Spain; Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.B., K.S., S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK; IRCCS NEUROMED (S.C., G.D.G.), Pozzilli, Isernia, Italy; Institute of Neurology (S.B.), UCL, London, UK; Institute of Neurology (F.F., A.L., A.G.), University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy; Department of Neuroscience and Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences (A.C.), Federico II University, Naples, Italy; Clinic for Neuropediatrics and Neurorehabilitation (G.J.K.), Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schoen Clinic Vogtareuth, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery and Epilepsy (D.G.A.K.-N.T.), University Medical Center, Utrecht University, the Netherlands; and Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit (P.S.), IRCCS 'Istituto Giannina Gaslini,' Genova, Italy., Sofia V; From the Department of Human Neurosciences (E.C.I., A.M., C.D.B.), Sapienza, University of Rome, Italy; Department of Precision Medicine and Genomics (E.C.), Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neuropediatrics (G.R.), University Children's Hospital Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (R.H.C.), Hospital de Pediatría 'Prof. Dr. Juan P Garrahan,' Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies 'G.F. Ingrassia' (L.G., V.S.), Section of Neurosciences, University of Catania, Italy; Departments of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology (T.Y., B.B.), Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Turkey; Department of Paediatric Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology (E.P., M.C., A.A.), University Hospitals of Lyon (HCL), member of the ERN EpiCARE, France; Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.F.O.), Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Italy; Epilepsy Unit (B.G.G.), Neurology Service, Hospital Universitario and IIS Fundación Jiménez Díaz and CIBERER, Madrid, Spain; Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.B., K.S., S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK; IRCCS NEUROMED (S.C., G.D.G.), Pozzilli, Isernia, Italy; Institute of Neurology (S.B.), UCL, London, UK; Institute of Neurology (F.F., A.L., A.G.), University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy; Department of Neuroscience and Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences (A.C.), Federico II University, Naples, Italy; Clinic for Neuropediatrics and Neurorehabilitation (G.J.K.), Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schoen Clinic Vogtareuth, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery and Epilepsy (D.G.A.K.-N.T.), University Medical Center, Utrecht University, the Netherlands; and Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit (P.S.), IRCCS 'Istituto Giannina Gaslini,' Genova, Italy., Kluger GJ; From the Department of Human Neurosciences (E.C.I., A.M., C.D.B.), Sapienza, University of Rome, Italy; Department of Precision Medicine and Genomics (E.C.), Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neuropediatrics (G.R.), University Children's Hospital Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (R.H.C.), Hospital de Pediatría 'Prof. Dr. Juan P Garrahan,' Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies 'G.F. Ingrassia' (L.G., V.S.), Section of Neurosciences, University of Catania, Italy; Departments of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology (T.Y., B.B.), Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Turkey; Department of Paediatric Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology (E.P., M.C., A.A.), University Hospitals of Lyon (HCL), member of the ERN EpiCARE, France; Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.F.O.), Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Italy; Epilepsy Unit (B.G.G.), Neurology Service, Hospital Universitario and IIS Fundación Jiménez Díaz and CIBERER, Madrid, Spain; Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.B., K.S., S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK; IRCCS NEUROMED (S.C., G.D.G.), Pozzilli, Isernia, Italy; Institute of Neurology (S.B.), UCL, London, UK; Institute of Neurology (F.F., A.L., A.G.), University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy; Department of Neuroscience and Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences (A.C.), Federico II University, Naples, Italy; Clinic for Neuropediatrics and Neurorehabilitation (G.J.K.), Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schoen Clinic Vogtareuth, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery and Epilepsy (D.G.A.K.-N.T.), University Medical Center, Utrecht University, the Netherlands; and Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit (P.S.), IRCCS 'Istituto Giannina Gaslini,' Genova, Italy., Kasteleijn-Nolst Trenité DGA; From the Department of Human Neurosciences (E.C.I., A.M., C.D.B.), Sapienza, University of Rome, Italy; Department of Precision Medicine and Genomics (E.C.), Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neuropediatrics (G.R.), University Children's Hospital Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (R.H.C.), Hospital de Pediatría 'Prof. Dr. Juan P Garrahan,' Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies 'G.F. Ingrassia' (L.G., V.S.), Section of Neurosciences, University of Catania, Italy; Departments of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology (T.Y., B.B.), Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Turkey; Department of Paediatric Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology (E.P., M.C., A.A.), University Hospitals of Lyon (HCL), member of the ERN EpiCARE, France; Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.F.O.), Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Italy; Epilepsy Unit (B.G.G.), Neurology Service, Hospital Universitario and IIS Fundación Jiménez Díaz and CIBERER, Madrid, Spain; Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.B., K.S., S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK; IRCCS NEUROMED (S.C., G.D.G.), Pozzilli, Isernia, Italy; Institute of Neurology (S.B.), UCL, London, UK; Institute of Neurology (F.F., A.L., A.G.), University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy; Department of Neuroscience and Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences (A.C.), Federico II University, Naples, Italy; Clinic for Neuropediatrics and Neurorehabilitation (G.J.K.), Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schoen Clinic Vogtareuth, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery and Epilepsy (D.G.A.K.-N.T.), University Medical Center, Utrecht University, the Netherlands; and Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit (P.S.), IRCCS 'Istituto Giannina Gaslini,' Genova, Italy., Gambardella A; From the Department of Human Neurosciences (E.C.I., A.M., C.D.B.), Sapienza, University of Rome, Italy; Department of Precision Medicine and Genomics (E.C.), Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neuropediatrics (G.R.), University Children's Hospital Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (R.H.C.), Hospital de Pediatría 'Prof. Dr. Juan P Garrahan,' Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies 'G.F. Ingrassia' (L.G., V.S.), Section of Neurosciences, University of Catania, Italy; Departments of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology (T.Y., B.B.), Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Turkey; Department of Paediatric Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology (E.P., M.C., A.A.), University Hospitals of Lyon (HCL), member of the ERN EpiCARE, France; Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.F.O.), Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Italy; Epilepsy Unit (B.G.G.), Neurology Service, Hospital Universitario and IIS Fundación Jiménez Díaz and CIBERER, Madrid, Spain; Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.B., K.S., S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK; IRCCS NEUROMED (S.C., G.D.G.), Pozzilli, Isernia, Italy; Institute of Neurology (S.B.), UCL, London, UK; Institute of Neurology (F.F., A.L., A.G.), University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy; Department of Neuroscience and Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences (A.C.), Federico II University, Naples, Italy; Clinic for Neuropediatrics and Neurorehabilitation (G.J.K.), Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schoen Clinic Vogtareuth, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery and Epilepsy (D.G.A.K.-N.T.), University Medical Center, Utrecht University, the Netherlands; and Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit (P.S.), IRCCS 'Istituto Giannina Gaslini,' Genova, Italy., Baykan B; From the Department of Human Neurosciences (E.C.I., A.M., C.D.B.), Sapienza, University of Rome, Italy; Department of Precision Medicine and Genomics (E.C.), Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neuropediatrics (G.R.), University Children's Hospital Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (R.H.C.), Hospital de Pediatría 'Prof. Dr. Juan P Garrahan,' Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies 'G.F. Ingrassia' (L.G., V.S.), Section of Neurosciences, University of Catania, Italy; Departments of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology (T.Y., B.B.), Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Turkey; Department of Paediatric Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology (E.P., M.C., A.A.), University Hospitals of Lyon (HCL), member of the ERN EpiCARE, France; Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.F.O.), Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Italy; Epilepsy Unit (B.G.G.), Neurology Service, Hospital Universitario and IIS Fundación Jiménez Díaz and CIBERER, Madrid, Spain; Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.B., K.S., S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK; IRCCS NEUROMED (S.C., G.D.G.), Pozzilli, Isernia, Italy; Institute of Neurology (S.B.), UCL, London, UK; Institute of Neurology (F.F., A.L., A.G.), University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy; Department of Neuroscience and Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences (A.C.), Federico II University, Naples, Italy; Clinic for Neuropediatrics and Neurorehabilitation (G.J.K.), Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schoen Clinic Vogtareuth, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery and Epilepsy (D.G.A.K.-N.T.), University Medical Center, Utrecht University, the Netherlands; and Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit (P.S.), IRCCS 'Istituto Giannina Gaslini,' Genova, Italy., Sisodiya SM; From the Department of Human Neurosciences (E.C.I., A.M., C.D.B.), Sapienza, University of Rome, Italy; Department of Precision Medicine and Genomics (E.C.), Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neuropediatrics (G.R.), University Children's Hospital Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (R.H.C.), Hospital de Pediatría 'Prof. Dr. Juan P Garrahan,' Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies 'G.F. Ingrassia' (L.G., V.S.), Section of Neurosciences, University of Catania, Italy; Departments of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology (T.Y., B.B.), Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Turkey; Department of Paediatric Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology (E.P., M.C., A.A.), University Hospitals of Lyon (HCL), member of the ERN EpiCARE, France; Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.F.O.), Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Italy; Epilepsy Unit (B.G.G.), Neurology Service, Hospital Universitario and IIS Fundación Jiménez Díaz and CIBERER, Madrid, Spain; Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.B., K.S., S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK; IRCCS NEUROMED (S.C., G.D.G.), Pozzilli, Isernia, Italy; Institute of Neurology (S.B.), UCL, London, UK; Institute of Neurology (F.F., A.L., A.G.), University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy; Department of Neuroscience and Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences (A.C.), Federico II University, Naples, Italy; Clinic for Neuropediatrics and Neurorehabilitation (G.J.K.), Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schoen Clinic Vogtareuth, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery and Epilepsy (D.G.A.K.-N.T.), University Medical Center, Utrecht University, the Netherlands; and Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit (P.S.), IRCCS 'Istituto Giannina Gaslini,' Genova, Italy., Arzimanoglou A; From the Department of Human Neurosciences (E.C.I., A.M., C.D.B.), Sapienza, University of Rome, Italy; Department of Precision Medicine and Genomics (E.C.), Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neuropediatrics (G.R.), University Children's Hospital Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (R.H.C.), Hospital de Pediatría 'Prof. Dr. Juan P Garrahan,' Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies 'G.F. Ingrassia' (L.G., V.S.), Section of Neurosciences, University of Catania, Italy; Departments of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology (T.Y., B.B.), Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Turkey; Department of Paediatric Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology (E.P., M.C., A.A.), University Hospitals of Lyon (HCL), member of the ERN EpiCARE, France; Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.F.O.), Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Italy; Epilepsy Unit (B.G.G.), Neurology Service, Hospital Universitario and IIS Fundación Jiménez Díaz and CIBERER, Madrid, Spain; Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.B., K.S., S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK; IRCCS NEUROMED (S.C., G.D.G.), Pozzilli, Isernia, Italy; Institute of Neurology (S.B.), UCL, London, UK; Institute of Neurology (F.F., A.L., A.G.), University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy; Department of Neuroscience and Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences (A.C.), Federico II University, Naples, Italy; Clinic for Neuropediatrics and Neurorehabilitation (G.J.K.), Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schoen Clinic Vogtareuth, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery and Epilepsy (D.G.A.K.-N.T.), University Medical Center, Utrecht University, the Netherlands; and Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit (P.S.), IRCCS 'Istituto Giannina Gaslini,' Genova, Italy., Striano P; From the Department of Human Neurosciences (E.C.I., A.M., C.D.B.), Sapienza, University of Rome, Italy; Department of Precision Medicine and Genomics (E.C.), Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neuropediatrics (G.R.), University Children's Hospital Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (R.H.C.), Hospital de Pediatría 'Prof. Dr. Juan P Garrahan,' Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies 'G.F. Ingrassia' (L.G., V.S.), Section of Neurosciences, University of Catania, Italy; Departments of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology (T.Y., B.B.), Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Turkey; Department of Paediatric Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology (E.P., M.C., A.A.), University Hospitals of Lyon (HCL), member of the ERN EpiCARE, France; Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.F.O.), Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Italy; Epilepsy Unit (B.G.G.), Neurology Service, Hospital Universitario and IIS Fundación Jiménez Díaz and CIBERER, Madrid, Spain; Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.B., K.S., S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK; IRCCS NEUROMED (S.C., G.D.G.), Pozzilli, Isernia, Italy; Institute of Neurology (S.B.), UCL, London, UK; Institute of Neurology (F.F., A.L., A.G.), University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy; Department of Neuroscience and Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences (A.C.), Federico II University, Naples, Italy; Clinic for Neuropediatrics and Neurorehabilitation (G.J.K.), Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schoen Clinic Vogtareuth, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery and Epilepsy (D.G.A.K.-N.T.), University Medical Center, Utrecht University, the Netherlands; and Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit (P.S.), IRCCS 'Istituto Giannina Gaslini,' Genova, Italy., Di Bonaventura C; From the Department of Human Neurosciences (E.C.I., A.M., C.D.B.), Sapienza, University of Rome, Italy; Department of Precision Medicine and Genomics (E.C.), Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neuropediatrics (G.R.), University Children's Hospital Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (R.H.C.), Hospital de Pediatría 'Prof. Dr. Juan P Garrahan,' Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies 'G.F. Ingrassia' (L.G., V.S.), Section of Neurosciences, University of Catania, Italy; Departments of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology (T.Y., B.B.), Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Turkey; Department of Paediatric Clinical Epileptology, Sleep Disorders and Functional Neurology (E.P., M.C., A.A.), University Hospitals of Lyon (HCL), member of the ERN EpiCARE, France; Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit (F.F.O.), Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Italy; Epilepsy Unit (B.G.G.), Neurology Service, Hospital Universitario and IIS Fundación Jiménez Díaz and CIBERER, Madrid, Spain; Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy (S.B., K.S., S.M.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK; IRCCS NEUROMED (S.C., G.D.G.), Pozzilli, Isernia, Italy; Institute of Neurology (S.B.), UCL, London, UK; Institute of Neurology (F.F., A.L., A.G.), University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy; Department of Neuroscience and Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences (A.C.), Federico II University, Naples, Italy; Clinic for Neuropediatrics and Neurorehabilitation (G.J.K.), Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schoen Clinic Vogtareuth, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery and Epilepsy (D.G.A.K.-N.T.), University Medical Center, Utrecht University, the Netherlands; and Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit (P.S.), IRCCS 'Istituto Giannina Gaslini,' Genova, Italy.
Jazyk:	angličtina
Zdroj:	Neurology [Neurology] 2022 May 03; Vol. 98 (18), pp. e1865-e1876. Date of Electronic Publication: 2022 Mar 15.
DOI:	10.1212/WNL.0000000000200165
Abstrakt:	Background and Objectives: Eyelid myoclonia (EM) with absences (EMA) is a generalized epilepsy syndrome with a prognosis and clinical characteristics that are still partially undefined. We investigated electroclinical endophenotypes and long-term seizure outcome in a large cohort of patients with EMA. Methods: In this multicenter retrospective study, patients with EMA with ≥5 years of follow-up were included. We investigated prognostic patterns and sustained terminal remission (STR), along with their prognostic factors. Moreover, a 2-step cluster analysis was used to investigate the presence of distinct EMA endophenotypes. Results: We included 172 patients with a median age at onset of 7 years (interquartile range [IQR] 5-10 years) and a median follow-up duration of 14 years (IQR 8.25-23.75 years). Sixty-six patients (38.4%) displayed a nonremission pattern, whereas remission and relapse patterns were encountered in 56 (32.6%) and 50 (29.1%) participants. Early epilepsy onset, history of febrile seizures (FS), and EM status epilepticus significantly predicted a nonremission pattern according to multinomial logistic regression analysis. STR was achieved by 68 (39.5%) patients with a mean latency of 14.05 years (SD ±12.47 years). Early epilepsy onset, psychiatric comorbid conditions, and a history of FS and generalized tonic-clonic seizures were associated with a lower probability of achieving STR according to a Cox regression proportional hazards model. Antiseizure medication (ASM) withdrawal was attempted in 62 of 172 patients, and seizures recurred in 74.2%. Cluster analysis revealed 2 distinct clusters with 86 patients each. Cluster 2, which we defined as EMA-plus, was characterized by an earlier age at epilepsy onset, higher rate of intellectual disability, EM status epilepticus, generalized paroxysmal fast activity, self-induced seizures, FS, and poor ASM response, whereas cluster 1, the EMA-only cluster, was characterized by a higher rate of seizure remission and more favorable neuropsychiatric outcome. Discussion: Early epilepsy onset was the most relevant prognostic factor for poor treatment response. A long latency between epilepsy onset and ASM response was observed, suggesting the effect of age-related brain changes in EMA remission. Last, our cluster analysis showed a clear-cut distinction of patients with EMA into an EMA-plus insidious subphenotype and an EMA-only benign cluster that strongly differed in terms of remission rates and cognitive outcomes. (© 2022 American Academy of Neurology.)
Databáze:	MEDLINE
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