Zootherapy as a potential pathway for zoonotic spillover: a mixed-methods study of the use of animal products in medicinal and cultural practices in Nigeria.

Autor: Friant S; Department of Anthropology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA. sagan.friant@psu.edu.; Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA. sagan.friant@psu.edu., Bonwitt J; Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA.; Department of Anthropology, Durham University, Durham, UK., Ayambem WA; Department of Forestry and Wildlife Resources Management, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria., Ifebueme NM; Department of Forestry and Wildlife Resources Management, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria., Alobi AO; Department of Forestry and Wildlife Resources Management, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria., Otukpa OM; Department of Forestry and Wildlife Resources Management, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria., Bennett AJ; Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, USA.; Genomics and Bioinformatics Department, Biological Defense Research Directorate, Naval Medical Research Center-Frederick, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA., Shea C; Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, USA., Rothman JM; Department of Anthropology, Hunter College of the City University of New York, New York, NY, USA., Goldberg TL; Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, USA., Jacka JK; Department of Anthropology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA.
Jazyk: angličtina
Zdroj: One health outlook [One Health Outlook] 2022 Feb 26; Vol. 4 (1), pp. 5. Date of Electronic Publication: 2022 Feb 26.
DOI: 10.1186/s42522-022-00060-3
Abstrakt: Background: Understanding how and why people interact with animals is important for the prevention and control of zoonoses. To date, studies have primarily focused on the most visible forms of human-animal contact (e.g., hunting and consumption), thereby blinding One Health researchers and practitioners to the broader range of human-animal interactions that can serve as cryptic sources of zoonotic diseases. Zootherapy, the use of animal products for traditional medicine and cultural practices, is widespread and can generate opportunities for human exposure to zoonoses. Existing research examining zootherapies omits details necessary to adequately assess potential zoonotic risks.
Methods: We used a mixed-methods approach, combining quantitative and qualitative data from questionnaires, key informant interviews, and field notes to examine the use of zootherapy in nine villages engaged in wildlife hunting, consumption, and trade in Cross River State, Nigeria. We analyzed medicinal and cultural practices involving animals from a zoonotic disease perspective, by including details of animal use that may generate pathways for zoonotic transmission. We also examined the sociodemographic, cultural, and environmental contexts of zootherapeutic practices that can further shape the nature and frequency of human-animal interactions.
Results: Within our study population, people reported using 44 different animal species for zootherapeutic practices, including taxonomic groups considered to be "high risk" for zoonoses and threatened with extinction. Variation in use of animal parts, preparation norms, and administration practices generated a highly diverse set of zootherapeutic practices (n = 292) and potential zoonotic exposure risks. Use of zootherapy was patterned by demographic and environmental contexts, with zootherapy more commonly practiced by hunting households (OR = 2.47, p < 0.01), and prescriptions that were gender and age specific (e.g., maternal and pediatric care) or highly seasonal (e.g., associated with annual festivals and seasonal illnesses). Specific practices were informed by species availability and theories of healing (i.e., "like cures like" and sympathetic healing and magic) that further shaped the nature of human-animal interactions via zootherapy.
Conclusions: Epidemiological investigations of zoonoses and public health interventions that aim to reduce zoonotic exposures should explicitly consider zootherapy as a potential pathway for disease transmission and consider the sociocultural and environmental contexts of their use in health messaging and interventions.
(© 2022. The Author(s).)
Databáze: MEDLINE
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