| Autor: |
Rollins-Smith LA; Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicinegrid.471397.f, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.; Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt Universitygrid.471397.fgrid.152326.1, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.; Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicinegrid.471397.f, Nashville, Tennessee, USA., Reinert LK; Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicinegrid.471397.f, Nashville, Tennessee, USA., Le Sage M; Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicinegrid.471397.f, Nashville, Tennessee, USA., Linney KN; Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt Universitygrid.471397.fgrid.152326.1, Nashville, Tennessee, USA., Gillard BM; Department of Chemistry, Villanova Universitygrid.267871.d, Villanova, Pennsylvania, USA., Umile TP; Department of Chemistry, Villanova Universitygrid.267871.d, Villanova, Pennsylvania, USA., Minbiole KPC; Department of Chemistry, Villanova Universitygrid.267871.d, Villanova, Pennsylvania, USA. |
| Abstrakt: |
Amphibian populations have been declining around the world for more than five decades, and the losses continue. Although causes are complex, major contributors to these declines are two chytrid fungi, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis and Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans, which both cause the disease termed chytridiomycosis. Previously, we showed that B. dendrobatidis impedes amphibian defenses by directly inhibiting lymphocytes in vitro and in vivo by release of soluble metabolites, including kynurenine (KYN), methylthioadenosine (MTA), and spermidine (SPD). Here, we show that B. salamandrivorans cells and cell-free supernatants also inhibit amphibian lymphocytes as well as a human T cell line. As we have shown for B. dendrobatidis, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and mass spectrometry revealed that KYN, MTA, and SPD are key metabolites found in the B. salamandrivorans supernatants. Production of inhibitory factors by B. salamandrivorans is limited to mature zoosporangia and can occur over a range of temperatures between 16°C and 26°C. Taken together, these results suggest that both pathogenic Batrachochytrium fungi have evolved similar mechanisms to inhibit lymphocytes in order to evade clearance by the amphibian immune system. |
