A Randomized Controlled Trial on the Effects of a 12-Week High- vs. Low-Intensity Exercise Intervention on Hippocampal Structure and Function in Healthy, Young Adults.

Autor:	Kaiser A; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands., Reneman L; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands., Solleveld MM; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands., Coolen BF; Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands., Scherder EJA; Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands., Knutsson L; Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.; Department of Medical Radiation Physics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.; F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, United States., Bjørnerud A; Department of Diagnostic Physics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.; Department of Physics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway., van Osch MJP; Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands., Wijnen JP; Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands., Lucassen PJ; Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.; Center for Urban Mental Health, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands., Schrantee A; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.; Center for Urban Mental Health, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
Jazyk:	angličtina
Zdroj:	Frontiers in psychiatry [Front Psychiatry] 2022 Jan 21; Vol. 12, pp. 780095. Date of Electronic Publication: 2022 Jan 21 (Print Publication: 2021).
DOI:	10.3389/fpsyt.2021.780095
Abstrakt:	Physical exercise affects hippocampal structure and function, but the underlying neural mechanisms and the effects of exercise intensity remain incompletely understood. Therefore, we undertook a comprehensive, multi-modal 3T and 7T MRI randomized controlled trial (Netherlands Trial Register - NL5847) in which we randomized 52 young, non-athletic volunteers to a 12-week low- or high-intensity exercise program. Using state-of-the-art methods, we investigated changes in hippocampal volume, as well as changes in vasculature, neuro-metabolites, and peripheral growth factors as potential underpinnings. Cardiorespiratory fitness improved over time ( p < 0.001), but no interaction with exercise intensity was found ( p = 0.48). Accordingly, we did not observe significant interactions between exercise condition and time on MRI measures (all p > 0.06). However, we found a significant decrease in right hippocampal volume ( p < 0.01), an increase in left hippocampal glutathione ( p < 0.01), and a decrease of left hippocampal cerebral blood volume ( p = 0.01) over time, regardless of exercise condition. Additional exploratory analyses showed that changes in brain-derived neurotrophic factor ( p = 0.01), insulin-like growth-factor ( p = 0.03), and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex N-acetyl-aspartate levels ( p = 0.01) were positively associated with cardiorespiratory fitness changes. Furthermore, a trend toward a positive association of fitness and gray-matter cerebral blood flow ( p = 0.06) was found. Our results do not provide evidence for differential effects between high-intensity (aerobic) and low-intensity (toning) exercise on hippocampal structure and function in young adults. However, we show small but significant effects of exercise on hippocampal volume, neurometabolism and vasculature across exercise conditions. Moreover, our exploratory results suggest that exercise might not specifically only benefit hippocampal structure and function, but rather has a more widespread effect. These findings suggest that, in agreement with previous MRI studies demonstrating moderate to strong effects in elderly and diseased populations, but none to only mild effects in young healthy cohorts, the benefits of exercise on the studied brain measures may be age-dependent and restorative rather than stimulatory. Our study highlights the importance of a multi-modal, whole-brain approach to assess macroscopic and microscopic changes underlying exercise-induced brain changes, to better understand the role of exercise as a potential non-pharmacological intervention. Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. (Copyright © 2022 Kaiser, Reneman, Solleveld, Coolen, Scherder, Knutsson, Bjørnerud, van Osch, Wijnen, Lucassen and Schrantee.)
Databáze:	MEDLINE
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