Short-range hunters: exploring the function and constraints of water shooting in dwarf gouramis.

Autor:	Jones NAR; Centre for Biological Diversity, School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9TH, UK., Klump BC; Cognitive and Cultural Ecology Research Group, Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, Am Obstberg 1, 78315 Radolfzell am Bodensee, Germany., Abaurrea TM; Helsinki Institute of Life Science HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland., Harrower S; Centre for Biological Diversity, School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9TH, UK.; School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9JP, UK., Marr C; Centre for Biological Diversity, School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9TH, UK., Scott L; Centre for Biological Diversity, School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9TH, UK., Rendell L; Centre for Biological Diversity, School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9TH, UK., Webster MM; Centre for Biological Diversity, School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9TH, UK.
Jazyk:	angličtina
Zdroj:	The Journal of experimental biology [J Exp Biol] 2021 Dec 15; Vol. 224 (24). Date of Electronic Publication: 2021 Dec 23.
DOI:	10.1242/jeb.243477
Abstrakt:	Ballistic predation is a rare foraging adaptation: in fishes, most attention has focused on a single genus, the archerfish, known to manipulate water to shoot down prey above the water surface. However, several gourami species also exhibit apparently similar 'shooting' behaviour, spitting water up to 5 cm above the surface. In a series of experiments, we explored the shooting behaviour and aspects of its significance as a foraging ability in the dwarf gourami (Trichogaster lalius). We investigated sex differences in shooting abilities to determine whether gourami shooting is related to the sex-specific bubble nest manufacture where males mix air and water at the surface to form bubbles. We found that, actually, both sexes were equally able to shoot and could learn to shoot a novel target. In a second experiment, we presented untrained gouramis with opportunities to shoot at live prey and found they successfully shot down both fruit flies and crickets. Finally, we explored the effect of target height on shooting performance to establish potential constraints of shooting as a foraging ability. The frequency of attempted shots and success of hitting targets decreased with height, whereas latency to shoot increased. We also observed that repeatable individual differences account for variation in these measures of shooting performance. Together, our results provide evidence that gourami shooting has a foraging function analogous to that of archerfish. Gourami shooting may serve as an example of convergent evolution and provide opportunities for comparative studies into the, as yet unexplored, ecology and evolution of shooting in fishes. Competing Interests: Competing interests The authors declare no competing or financial interests. (© 2021. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd.)
Databáze:	MEDLINE
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