U.S. national, regional, and state-specific socioeconomic factors correlate with child and adolescent ADHD diagnoses pre-COVID-19 pandemic.

Autor: Bozinovic K; Boz Life Science Research and Teaching Institute, San Diego Science Center, 3030 Bunker Hill Street, Suite 102, San Diego, CA, 92109, USA.; University of California San Diego, Extended Studies, 9600 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA., McLamb F; Boz Life Science Research and Teaching Institute, San Diego Science Center, 3030 Bunker Hill Street, Suite 102, San Diego, CA, 92109, USA.; University of California San Diego, Extended Studies, 9600 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA., O'Connell K; Boz Life Science Research and Teaching Institute, San Diego Science Center, 3030 Bunker Hill Street, Suite 102, San Diego, CA, 92109, USA.; University of California San Diego, Extended Studies, 9600 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA., Olander N; Boz Life Science Research and Teaching Institute, San Diego Science Center, 3030 Bunker Hill Street, Suite 102, San Diego, CA, 92109, USA.; University of California San Diego, Extended Studies, 9600 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA., Feng Z; Boz Life Science Research and Teaching Institute, San Diego Science Center, 3030 Bunker Hill Street, Suite 102, San Diego, CA, 92109, USA., Haagensen S; Boz Life Science Research and Teaching Institute, San Diego Science Center, 3030 Bunker Hill Street, Suite 102, San Diego, CA, 92109, USA.; University of California San Diego, Extended Studies, 9600 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA., Bozinovic G; Boz Life Science Research and Teaching Institute, San Diego Science Center, 3030 Bunker Hill Street, Suite 102, San Diego, CA, 92109, USA. gbozinovic@ucsd.edu.; Division of Biology, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gillman Dr., La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA. gbozinovic@ucsd.edu.
Jazyk: angličtina
Zdroj: Scientific reports [Sci Rep] 2021 Nov 10; Vol. 11 (1), pp. 22008. Date of Electronic Publication: 2021 Nov 10.
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-01233-2
Abstrakt: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), the most diagnosed emerging neurodevelopmental disorder in children, is a growing health crisis in the United States. Due to the potential increase in ADHD severity during and post the COVID-19 pandemic, we analyzed recent national and two state-specific ADHD data distribution among U.S. children and adolescents by investigating a broad range of socioeconomic status (SES) factors. Child and adolescent ADHD diagnosis and treatment data were parent-reported via National Survey of Children's Health (NSCH). The nationwide childhood prevalence of ADHD is 8.7%, and 62.1% of diagnosed children are taking medication. Louisiana (15.7%) has the highest percentage of children diagnosed with ADHD and California (5.6%) has the lowest, followed by Nevada (5.9%). Multiple correspondence analysis (MCA, n = 51,939) examining 30 factors highlights four areas of interest at the national and state level: race/ethnicity, financial status, family structure, and neighborhood characteristics. Positive correlations between ADHD diagnosis and unsafe school, unsafe neighborhood, and economic hardship are evident nationally and statewide, while the association between a lack of ADHD diagnosis and higher urban neighborhood amenities are evident nationally, but not in two opposing outlier states-Louisiana or Nevada. National and state-specific hierarchical analyses demonstrate significant correlations between the various SES factors and ADHD outcomes. Since the national analysis does not account for the demographic heterogeneity within regions or individual states, the U.S. should rely on comprehensive, county-specific, near real-time data reporting to effectively model and mitigate the ADHD epidemic and similar national health crises.
(© 2021. The Author(s).)
Databáze: MEDLINE
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