| Autor: |
Ongaro L; Estonian Biocentre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Riia 23b, 51010 Tartu, Estonia., Molinaro L; Estonian Biocentre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Riia 23b, 51010 Tartu, Estonia., Flores R; Estonian Biocentre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Riia 23b, 51010 Tartu, Estonia., Marnetto D; Estonian Biocentre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Riia 23b, 51010 Tartu, Estonia., Capodiferro MR; Department of Biology and Biotechnology 'L. Spallanzani', University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy., Alarcón-Riquelme ME; Department of Medical Genomics, GENYO, Centro Pfizer-Universidad de Granada-Junta de Andalucía de Genómica e Investigación Oncológica, Av de la Ilustración 114, Parque Tecnológico de la Salud (PTS), 18016 Granada, Spain., Moreno-Estrada A; National Laboratory of Genomics for Biodiversity (LANGEBIO), CINVESTAV, Irapuato, Guanajuato 36821, Mexico., Mabunda N; Instituto Nacional de Saúde, Distrito de Marracuene, Estrada Nacional N°1, Província de Maputo, Maputo 1120, Mozambique., Ventura M; Department of Biology-Genetics, University of Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy., Tambets K; Estonian Biocentre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Riia 23b, 51010 Tartu, Estonia., Achilli A; Department of Biology and Biotechnology 'L. Spallanzani', University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy., Capelli C; Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SZ, UK.; Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy., Metspalu M; Estonian Biocentre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Riia 23b, 51010 Tartu, Estonia., Pagani L; Estonian Biocentre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Riia 23b, 51010 Tartu, Estonia.; Department of Biology, University of Padua, 35131 Padua, Italy., Montinaro F; Estonian Biocentre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Riia 23b, 51010 Tartu, Estonia.; Department of Biology-Genetics, University of Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy. |
| Abstrakt: |
A general imbalance in the proportion of disembarked males and females in the Americas has been documented during the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade and the Colonial Era and, although less prominent, more recently. This imbalance may have left a signature on the genomes of modern-day populations characterised by high levels of admixture. The analysis of the uniparental systems and the evaluation of continental proportion ratio of autosomal and X chromosomes revealed a general sex imbalance towards males for European and females for African and Indigenous American ancestries. However, the consistency and degree of this imbalance are variable, suggesting that other factors, such as cultural and social practices, may have played a role in shaping it. Moreover, very few investigations have evaluated the sex imbalance using haplotype data, containing more critical information than genotypes. Here, we analysed genome-wide data for more than 5000 admixed American individuals to assess the presence, direction and magnitude of sex-biased admixture in the Americas. For this purpose, we applied two haplotype-based approaches, ELAI and NNLS, and we compared them with a genotype-based method, ADMIXTURE. In doing so, besides a general agreement between methods, we unravelled that the post-colonial admixture dynamics show higher complexity than previously described. |
