Functional Brain Imaging During Extra-Ocular Light Stimulation in Anophthalmic and Sighted Participants: No Evidence for Extra-Ocular Photosensitive Receptors.

Autor:	Bridge H; Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom., Morjaria R; Oxford Eye Hospital, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom.; Sandwell & West Birmingham Hospitals NHS Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom., Peirson SN; Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Sleep & Circadian Neuroscience Institute (SCNi), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom., Coullon GSL; Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom., Warnaby CE; Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom., Pothecary CA; Oxford Eye Hospital, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom., Leatherbarrow B; Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom., Foster RG; Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Sleep & Circadian Neuroscience Institute (SCNi), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom., Downes SM; Oxford Eye Hospital, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom.; Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Sleep & Circadian Neuroscience Institute (SCNi), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
Jazyk:	angličtina
Zdroj:	Frontiers in neuroscience [Front Neurosci] 2021 Sep 28; Vol. 15, pp. 744543. Date of Electronic Publication: 2021 Sep 28 (Print Publication: 2021).
DOI:	10.3389/fnins.2021.744543
Abstrakt:	Light plays a critical role in regulating physiology and behavior, including both visual and non-visual responses. In mammals, loss of both eyes abolishes all of these responses, demonstrating that the photoreceptors involved are exclusively ocular. By contrast, many non-mammalian species possess extra-ocular photoreceptors located in the pineal complex and deep brain. Whilst there have been suggestions of extra-ocular photoreception in mammals, including man, evidence for these photoreceptors is limited. One approach to objectively determine the presence of such receptors is to measure brain responses to light using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Moreover, by using participants who are clinically anophthalmic (congenital and acquired), it is possible to investigate potential light detection in the absence of the retina. Here we scanned participants with anophthalmia and sighted participants in 4 different conditions; the first 3 conditions had a bright light source applied to the following locations: behind the right ear ("ear"), just below the nasal bridge and between the eyes ("head"), and at the right popliteal fossa ("knee"). In the fourth and final scan, the light source was switched off so that there was no light stimulus. All participants were scanned in a completely dark room. No consistent brain activity was detected during any of the light conditions in either sighted controls or anophthalmic participants. Thus, we do not provide any evidence for the presence of extraocular photoreceptors modulating human brain activity, despite recent evidence for gene transcription that may occur as a result of these photoreceptors. Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. (Copyright © 2021 Bridge, Morjaria, Peirson, Coullon, Warnaby, Pothecary, Leatherbarrow, Foster and Downes.)
Databáze:	MEDLINE
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