Hormonally Active Contraceptives, Part II: Sociological, Environmental, and Economic Impact.
| Autor: | Williams WV; BriaCell Therapeutics Corporation, Berkeley, CA, USA.; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.; Catholic Medical Association, Fort Washington, PA, USA., Brind J; The Breast Cancer Prevention Institute, Whitehouse Station, NJ, USA., Haynes L; International Federation for Therapeutic and Counseling Choice, General Board Member and USA Country Representative,Tustin, California, USA., Manhart MD; Couple to Couple League, Cincinnati, OH, USA., Klaus H; Catholic Medical Association, Fort Washington, PA, USA.; Teen STAR, Tallahassee, FL, USA., Lanfranchi A; Catholic Medical Association, Fort Washington, PA, USA.; The Breast Cancer Prevention Institute, Whitehouse Station, NJ, USA.; Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA., Migeon G; Natural Womanhood, San Antonio, TX, USA., Gaskins M; Independent Author, Ft. Worth, TX, USA., Šeman EI; Flinders Medical Centre, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia.; MaterCare, St. John's, Canada.; The Catholic Medical Association of South Australia, Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia., Ruppersberger L; Catholic Medical Association, Fort Washington, PA, USA., Raviele KM; Catholic Medical Association, Fort Washington, PA, USA. |
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| Jazyk: | angličtina |
| Zdroj: | The Linacre quarterly [Linacre Q] 2021 Aug; Vol. 88 (3), pp. 291-316. Date of Electronic Publication: 2021 Apr 21. |
| DOI: | 10.1177/00243639211005121 |
| Abstrakt: | To investigate the sociological, environmental, and economic impact of hormonally active contraceptives, a series of comprehensive literature surveys were employed. Sociological effects are discussed including abortion, exploitation of women, a weakening of marriage, and an increase in divorce with deleterious effects on children such as child poverty, poorer health, lower educational achievement, suicide risks, drug and alcohol abuse, criminality, and incarceration, among others. The environmental impact is discussed briefly and includes the feminization and trans-gendering of male fish downstream from the effluent of city wastewater treatment plants with declining fish populations. The potential economic impact of most of these side effects is estimated based on epidemiologic data and published estimates of costs of caring for the diseases which are linked to the use of hormonally active contraceptives. Hormonally active contraceptives appear to have a deleterious impact on multiple aspects of women's health as well as negative economic and environmental impacts. These risks can be avoided through the use of nonhormonal methods and need to be more clearly conveyed to the public. Summary: Hormonal contraceptives have wide-ranging effects. The potential economic impact of the medical side effects is estimated. Sociological effects are discussed including abortion, exploitation of women, a weakening of marriage and an increase in divorce with negative effects on children such as child poverty, poorer health, lower educational achievement, suicide risks, drug and alcohol abuse, criminality and incarceration among others. The environmental impact includes hormonal effects on fish with declining fish populations. Women seeking birth control have a right to know about how to avoid these risks by using effective hormone-free methods like Fertility Awareness Methods. Competing Interests: Declaration of Conflicting Interests: The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. (© Catholic Medical Association 2021.) |
| Databáze: | MEDLINE |
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