Anti-androgenic compounds in breast milk and cryptorchidism among Norwegian boys in the HUMIS birth cohort.

Autor: Collet B; Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Ecological Science, 1081HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands; BioDetection Systems BV, Science Park 406, 1098XH Amsterdam, the Netherlands., Desalegn AA; Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P.O. Box 4404, Nydalen, N-0403 Oslo, Norway; Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway. Electronic address: anteneh.assefa.desalegn@fhi.no., Swart K; BioDetection Systems BV, Science Park 406, 1098XH Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Electronic address: kees.swart@bds.nl., Naderman M; BioDetection Systems BV, Science Park 406, 1098XH Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Electronic address: matthijs.naderman@bds.nl., Iszatt N; Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P.O. Box 4404, Nydalen, N-0403 Oslo, Norway. Electronic address: nina.iszatt@fhi.no., Stigum H; Department of Non-communicable Disease, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, PO Box 222, Skøyen, 0213 Oslo, Norway. Electronic address: hein.stigum@medisin.uio.no., Jensen TK; Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Environmental Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark. Electronic address: tkjensen@health.sdu.dk., Brouwer A; Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Ecological Science, 1081HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands; BioDetection Systems BV, Science Park 406, 1098XH Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Electronic address: bram.brouwer@bds.nl., Eggesbø M; Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P.O. Box 4404, Nydalen, N-0403 Oslo, Norway. Electronic address: merete.eggesbo@fhi.no., van der Burg B; BioDetection Systems BV, Science Park 406, 1098XH Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Electronic address: bart.van.der.Burg@bds.nl.
Jazyk: angličtina
Zdroj: The Science of the total environment [Sci Total Environ] 2022 Jan 10; Vol. 803, pp. 149746. Date of Electronic Publication: 2021 Aug 26.
DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149746
Abstrakt: The prevalence of cryptorchidism has increased over the past decades, yet its origins remain poorly understood. Testis descent is dependent on androgens and likely affected by endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs), targeting the androgen receptor (AR). We investigated the association between anti-androgenic activity, not derived from natural hormones, in maternal breast milk and impaired testis descent among boys. We performed a case-control study based on 199 breast milk samples from 94 mothers of cryptorchid boys and 105 random non-cryptorchid boys participating in the Norwegian HUMIS (Human Milk Study) cohort. For each participant, apolar, and polar fractions were extracted, and combined to reconstitute a mixture. Anti-androgenic activity was measured in all three fractions using the human cell-based in vitro anti-AR CALUX® assay and expressed in μg of flutamide equivalent, a well-known antiandrogen. Results from fraction analyses were compared among boys with cryptorchidism and controls using multiple logistic regression, controlling for appropriate confounders identified using a directed acyclic graph. Children's daily exposure to anti-androgenic EDCs through breastfeeding was estimated to 78 μg flutamide eq./kg of body weigh/day. The activity was higher in the polar fraction (1.48 ± 1.37 μg flutamide eq./g of milk) mainly representing non-persistent chemicals, in contrast to other fractions. However, the activity in the polar extracts was decreased when in mixtures with the apolar fraction, indicating synergistic interactions. No significant difference in the activity was observed according to cryptorchid status for polar, apolar or mixed breast milk fractions. The study showed anti-androgenic activity in nearly all human milk samples, and at levels higher than the advisory threshold. However, no significant association was observed between cryptorchidism and antiandrogenic activity measured in either polar, apolar, or mixture fractions derived from breast milk.
Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
(Copyright © 2021 Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)
Databáze: MEDLINE
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