Geomicrobiological Heterogeneity of Lithic Habitats in the Extreme Environment of Antarctic Nunataks: A Potential Early Mars Analog.

Autor:	Fernández-Martínez MÁ; Centro de Astrobiología, CSIC-INTA, Madrid, Spain.; Department of Natural Resource Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, Canada., García-Villadangos M; Centro de Astrobiología, CSIC-INTA, Madrid, Spain., Moreno-Paz M; Centro de Astrobiología, CSIC-INTA, Madrid, Spain., Gangloff V; Centro de Astrobiología, CSIC-INTA, Madrid, Spain., Carrizo D; Centro de Astrobiología, CSIC-INTA, Madrid, Spain., Blanco Y; Centro de Astrobiología, CSIC-INTA, Madrid, Spain., González S; Antarctic Group, Agencia Estatal de Meteorología, Barcelona, Spain., Sánchez-García L; Centro de Astrobiología, CSIC-INTA, Madrid, Spain., Prieto-Ballesteros O; Centro de Astrobiología, CSIC-INTA, Madrid, Spain., Altshuler I; Department of Natural Resource Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, Canada., Whyte LG; Department of Natural Resource Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, Canada., Parro V; Centro de Astrobiología, CSIC-INTA, Madrid, Spain., Fairén AG; Centro de Astrobiología, CSIC-INTA, Madrid, Spain.; Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States.
Jazyk:	angličtina
Zdroj:	Frontiers in microbiology [Front Microbiol] 2021 Jul 02; Vol. 12, pp. 670982. Date of Electronic Publication: 2021 Jul 02 (Print Publication: 2021).
DOI:	10.3389/fmicb.2021.670982
Abstrakt:	Nunataks are permanent ice-free rocky peaks that project above ice caps in polar regions, thus being exposed to extreme climatic conditions throughout the year. They undergo extremely low temperatures and scarcity of liquid water in winter, while receiving high incident and reflected (albedo) UVA-B radiation in summer. Here, we investigate the geomicrobiology of the permanently exposed lithic substrates of nunataks from Livingston Island (South Shetlands, Antarctic Peninsula), with focus on prokaryotic community structure and their main metabolic traits. Contrarily to first hypothesis, an extensive sampling based on different gradients and multianalytical approaches demonstrated significant differences for most geomicrobiological parameters between the bedrock, soil, and loose rock substrates, which overlapped any other regional variation. Brevibacillus genus dominated on bedrock and soil substrates, while loose rocks contained a diverse microbial community, including Actinobacteria, Alphaproteobacteria and abundant Cyanobacteria inhabiting the milder and diverse microhabitats within. Archaea, a domain never described before in similar Antarctic environments, were also consistently found in the three substrates, but being more abundant and potentially more active in soils. Stable isotopic ratios of total carbon (δ 13 C) and nitrogen (δ 15 N), soluble anions concentrations, and the detection of proteins involved in key metabolisms via the Life Detector Chip (LDChip), suggest that microbial primary production has a pivotal role in nutrient cycling at these exposed areas with limited deposition of nutrients. Detection of stress-resistance proteins, such as molecular chaperons, suggests microbial molecular adaptation mechanisms to cope with these harsh conditions. Since early Mars may have encompassed analogous environmental conditions as the ones found in these Antarctic nunataks, our study also contributes to the understanding of the metabolic features and biomarker profiles of a potential Martian microbiota, as well as the use of LDChip in future life detection missions. Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. (Copyright © 2021 Fernández-Martínez, García-Villadangos, Moreno-Paz, Gangloff, Carrizo, Blanco, González, Sánchez-García, Prieto-Ballesteros, Altshuler, Whyte, Parro and Fairén.)
Databáze:	MEDLINE
Externí odkaz:	Zobrazit plný text záznamu